{"id":10152,"date":"2025-10-26T17:01:14","date_gmt":"2025-10-26T17:01:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/bibliotheque-de-ressources\/sud-mondial\/inde\/"},"modified":"2025-10-28T15:59:02","modified_gmt":"2025-10-28T15:59:02","slug":"inde","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/bibliotheque-de-ressources\/sud-mondial\/inde\/","title":{"rendered":"Inde"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>.wp-block-kadence-column.kb-section-dir-horizontal > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kt-info-box10143_82252e-3a .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap{max-width:unset;}.kt-info-box10143_82252e-3a .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap{border-top:5px solid var(--global-palette7, #eeeeee);border-right:5px solid var(--global-palette7, #eeeeee);border-bottom:5px solid var(--global-palette7, #eeeeee);border-left:5px solid var(--global-palette7, #eeeeee);border-top-left-radius:30px;border-top-right-radius:30px;border-bottom-right-radius:30px;border-bottom-left-radius:30px;background:#ffffff;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);}.kt-info-box10143_82252e-3a .kadence-info-box-icon-container .kt-info-svg-icon, .kt-info-box10143_82252e-3a .kt-info-svg-icon-flip, .kt-info-box10143_82252e-3a .kt-blocks-info-box-number{font-size:50px;}.kt-info-box10143_82252e-3a .kt-blocks-info-box-media{border-radius:200px;overflow:hidden;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;padding-top:20px;padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:20px;padding-left:20px;margin-top:0px;margin-right:20px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;}.kt-info-box10143_82252e-3a .kt-blocks-info-box-media .kadence-info-box-image-intrisic img{border-radius:200px;}.kt-info-box10143_82252e-3a .kt-infobox-textcontent h2.kt-blocks-info-box-title{padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;margin-top:5px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:10px;margin-left:0px;}.kt-info-box10143_82252e-3a .kt-blocks-info-box-learnmore{background:transparent;border-width:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-top:4px;padding-right:8px;padding-bottom:4px;padding-left:8px;margin-top:10px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:10px;margin-left:0px;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-info-box10143_82252e-3a .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap{border-top:5px solid var(--global-palette7, #eeeeee);border-right:5px solid var(--global-palette7, #eeeeee);border-bottom:5px solid var(--global-palette7, #eeeeee);border-left:5px solid var(--global-palette7, #eeeeee);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kt-info-box10143_82252e-3a .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap{border-top:5px solid var(--global-palette7, #eeeeee);border-right:5px solid var(--global-palette7, #eeeeee);border-bottom:5px solid var(--global-palette7, #eeeeee);border-left:5px solid var(--global-palette7, #eeeeee);}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-infobox kt-info-box10143_82252e-3a\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap info-box-link kt-blocks-info-box-media-align-left kt-info-halign-left\"><div class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-media-container\"><div class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-media kt-info-media-animate-none\"><div class=\"kadence-info-box-icon-container kt-info-icon-animate-none\"><div class=\"kadence-info-box-icon-inner-container\"><span class=\"kb-svg-icon-wrap kb-svg-icon-fe_aperture kt-info-svg-icon\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"  fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"  aria-hidden=\"true\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"10\"\/><line x1=\"14.31\" y1=\"8\" x2=\"20.05\" y2=\"17.94\"\/><line x1=\"9.69\" y1=\"8\" x2=\"21.17\" y2=\"8\"\/><line x1=\"7.38\" y1=\"12\" x2=\"13.12\" y2=\"2.06\"\/><line x1=\"9.69\" y1=\"16\" x2=\"3.95\" y2=\"6.06\"\/><line x1=\"14.31\" y1=\"16\" x2=\"2.83\" y2=\"16\"\/><line x1=\"16.62\" y1=\"12\" x2=\"10.88\" y2=\"21.94\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kt-infobox-textcontent\"><h2 class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-title\">Inde<\/h2><p class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-text\">Cette page de ressources regroupe les principaux documents universitaires, les analyses politiques et les cadres juridiques qui sont essentiels pour comprendre comment les CLT peuvent \u00eatre adapt\u00e9s et mis en \u0153uvre dans le contexte indien.<\/p><\/div><\/span><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-6c531013 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-6c531013 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:20%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full has-custom-border\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/CLTs-for-India-Mohd-Yawar-102425.pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"854\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/CLTs-for-India-cover.png\" alt=\"Les CLT pour l'Inde couvrent\" class=\"wp-image-10345\" style=\"border-radius:10px;object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/CLTs-for-India-cover.png 640w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/CLTs-for-India-cover-225x300.png 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.67%\">\n<p style=\"font-size:clamp(14px, 0.875rem + ((1vw - 3.2px) * 0.313), 18px);\">Le Centre International pour les Fonds Fonciers Communautaires (ICCLT) a le plaisir d&#8217;annoncer la publication du document de travail &#8220;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/CLTs-for-India-Mohd-Yawar-102425.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Des CLT pour l&#8217;Inde ? Une exploration du mod\u00e8le de la fiducie fonci\u00e8re communautaire pour les villes indiennes <\/a><\/em>&#8220;par Mohd Yawar. Cette \u00e9tude exploratoire, men\u00e9e dans le cadre de l&#8217;initiative Global South Community Land Trust de l&#8217;ICCLT, explore le potentiel des Community Land Trusts (CLT) en tant que mod\u00e8le alternatif de tenure pour les villes indiennes confront\u00e9es \u00e0 une ins\u00e9curit\u00e9 fonci\u00e8re et \u00e0 des d\u00e9placements g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9s. Cette \u00e9tude fournit une analyse juridique approfondie pour \u00e9valuer l&#8217;applicabilit\u00e9 et la faisabilit\u00e9 institutionnelle de l&#8217;adaptation du mod\u00e8le CLT dans les cadres juridiques et institutionnels existants de l&#8217;Inde. Ce document se veut une ressource fondamentale pour initier le dialogue et faire conna\u00eetre les CLT en Inde. En d\u00e9montrant comment le mod\u00e8le CLT peut \u00eatre mis en \u0153uvre, cette recherche vise \u00e0 transformer le concept d&#8217;une id\u00e9e abstraite en une option pratique sur le menu de la politique de logement urbain en Inde.    <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-additional-resources\">Ressources compl\u00e9mentaires<\/h2>\n\n<p><em>Cette page de ressources regroupe des documents universitaires, des analyses politiques et des cadres juridiques essentiels pour comprendre comment les CLT peuvent \u00eatre adapt\u00e9s et mis en \u0153uvre dans le contexte indien. En examinant les documents de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, les lois coop\u00e9ratives des \u00c9tats et les \u00e9tudes de cas \u00e9mergentes telles que la ville de Magarpatta, cette page de ressources offre un aper\u00e7u complet des fondements th\u00e9oriques, des m\u00e9canismes de gouvernance et des d\u00e9fis pratiques li\u00e9s \u00e0 l&#8217;op\u00e9rationnalisation des CLT dans le paysage urbain dynamique de l&#8217;Inde.  Cette collection s&#8217;adresse aux universitaires, aux d\u00e9cideurs politiques, aux praticiens et aux organisations locales qui cherchent \u00e0 explorer la gouvernance fonci\u00e8re communautaire comme moyen de trouver des solutions \u00e9quitables et \u00e0 long terme en mati\u00e8re de logement.<\/em><\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-academic-papers\">Documents acad\u00e9miques<\/h3>\n<style>.kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:0px;}.kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);}.kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;background:#f2f2f2;color:#555555;padding-top:9px;padding-right:13px;padding-bottom:9px;padding-left:13px;}.kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#555555;}.kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#555555;}.kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#f2f2f2;}.kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{color:#444444;background:#eeeeee;border-top:1px solid #878787;border-right:1px solid #878787;border-bottom:1px solid #878787;border-left:1px solid #878787;}.kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion--visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#444444;}.kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#444444;}.kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#eeeeee;}.kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{color:#ffffff;background:#444444;border-top:1px solid #444444;border-right:1px solid #444444;border-bottom:1px solid #444444;border-left:1px solid #444444;}.kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#ffffff;}.kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#ffffff;}.kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#444444;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:1px solid #f2f2f2;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top:1px solid #878787;border-right:1px solid #878787;border-bottom:1px solid #878787;border-left:1px solid #878787;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top:1px solid #444444;border-right:1px solid #444444;border-bottom:1px solid #444444;border-left:1px solid #444444;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{display:block;}.kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap .kt-accordion-pane:not(:first-child){margin-top:0px;}.kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}.kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:1px solid #f2f2f2;}.kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top:1px solid #878787;border-right:1px solid #878787;border-bottom:1px solid #878787;border-left:1px solid #878787;}.kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top:1px solid #444444;border-right:1px solid #444444;border-bottom:1px solid #444444;border-left:1px solid #444444;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-accordion alignnone\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-wrap kt-accordion-id10143_e92ffb-54 kt-accordion-has-2-panes kt-active-pane-0 kt-accordion-block kt-pane-header-alignment-left kt-accodion-icon-style-basic kt-accodion-icon-side-right\" style=\"max-width:none\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-inner-wrap\" data-allow-multiple-open=\"true\" data-start-open=\"none\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-1 kt-pane10143_be603e-5b\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\"><strong><em>Potentiel institutionnel des coop\u00e9ratives de logement pour les m\u00e9nages \u00e0 faibles revenus : Le cas de l&#8217;Inde<\/em>, par Sukumar Ganapati<\/strong> <strong>(2001)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p><strong>Titre : <\/strong>Potentiel institutionnel des coop\u00e9ratives de logement pour les m\u00e9nages \u00e0 faibles revenus : Le cas de l&#8217;Inde  <br\/><strong>Auteur : <\/strong>Sukumar Ganapati  <br\/><strong>Citation\/R\u00e9f\u00e9rence : <\/strong>Sukumar, G. (2001). Potentiel institutionnel des coop\u00e9ratives de logement pour les m\u00e9nages \u00e0 faibles revenus : The case of India. <em>Habitat International<\/em>, <em>25<\/em>, 147-174<strong><br\/>Article Link <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www-sciencedirect-com.uaccess.univie.ac.at\/science\/article\/pii\/S0197397500000229\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">: https:\/\/www-sciencedirect-com.uaccess.univie.ac.at\/science\/article\/pii\/S0197397500000229<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>R\u00e9sum\u00e9 : <\/strong>J&#8217;analyse le potentiel institutionnel des coop\u00e9ratives de logement pour atteindre les objectifs de logement des m\u00e9nages \u00e0 faibles revenus, en utilisant trois villes indiennes (Mumbai, Chennai et New Delhi) comme base empirique. Je propose que deux dimensions affectent le potentiel : (i) les caract\u00e9ristiques organisationnelles internes de la coop\u00e9rative et (ii) le contexte institutionnel externe. Au niveau organisationnel, bien que les coop\u00e9ratives pr\u00e9sentent certains avantages inh\u00e9rents pour les m\u00e9nages \u00e0 faibles revenus, elles sont confront\u00e9es \u00e0 des probl\u00e8mes d&#8217;action collective qui doivent \u00eatre surmont\u00e9s. Les avantages potentiels varient en fonction de la forme des coop\u00e9ratives. Au niveau institutionnel, l&#8217;\u00e9volution des coop\u00e9ratives s&#8217;inscrit \u00e0 la fois dans le march\u00e9 local du logement et dans le cadre institutionnel local. Le cadre institutionnel peut favoriser ou entraver la r\u00e9alisation des avantages potentiels sur un march\u00e9 du logement donn\u00e9 en r\u00e9duisant ou en augmentant les co\u00fbts de transaction li\u00e9s \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation et au fonctionnement des coop\u00e9ratives. En Inde, le contexte institutionnel national a promu les coop\u00e9ratives comme un moyen pour les m\u00e9nages \u00e0 faibles revenus. Cependant, ces m\u00e9nages en ont b\u00e9n\u00e9fici\u00e9 \u00e0 des degr\u00e9s divers dans les trois villes. Si les coop\u00e9ratives ont \u00e9t\u00e9 plus efficaces \u00e0 Mumbai, elles l&#8217;ont \u00e9t\u00e9 moins \u00e0 Chennai et \u00e0 New Delhi. L&#8217;examen comparatif permet de tirer trois le\u00e7ons pour la politique du logement. Le premier enseignement est que le march\u00e9 local du logement et le cadre institutionnel ont influenc\u00e9 la forme et le fonctionnement des coop\u00e9ratives de logement. Le deuxi\u00e8me enseignement est qu&#8217;un contr\u00f4le minimal de l&#8217;\u00c9tat aide les coop\u00e9ratives \u00e0 remplir des fonctions multiples. Le troisi\u00e8me enseignement est que le d\u00e9veloppement d&#8217;une structure institutionnelle soutenant les coop\u00e9ratives r\u00e9duit les co\u00fbts de transaction de leur formation et de leur fonctionnement, ce qui profite aux m\u00e9nages \u00e0 faibles revenus.              <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Description et pertinence pour les CLT :<\/strong> L&#8217;article de G. Sukumar analyse le potentiel institutionnel des coop\u00e9ratives de logement pour atteindre les objectifs des m\u00e9nages \u00e0 faibles revenus, en utilisant Mumbai, Chennai et New Delhi comme \u00e9tudes de cas. L&#8217;analyse met l&#8217;accent sur deux dimensions cl\u00e9s affectant le succ\u00e8s des coop\u00e9ratives : les caract\u00e9ristiques organisationnelles internes et le contexte institutionnel externe, qui comprend le march\u00e9 local du logement et le cadre r\u00e9glementaire. L&#8217;\u00e9tude conclut que les coop\u00e9ratives ont \u00e9t\u00e9 plus efficaces \u00e0 Mumbai et moins \u00e0 Chennai et New Delhi. Les principaux enseignements soulignent qu&#8217;un contr\u00f4le minimal de l&#8217;\u00c9tat aide les coop\u00e9ratives \u00e0 remplir diverses fonctions et que le d\u00e9veloppement de structures institutionnelles de soutien r\u00e9duit les co\u00fbts de transaction li\u00e9s \u00e0 leur cr\u00e9ation et \u00e0 leur fonctionnement.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cette recherche est tr\u00e8s pertinente pour la faisabilit\u00e9 des Community Land Trusts (CLT) car le cadre de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 coop\u00e9rative enregistr\u00e9e est identifi\u00e9 comme un v\u00e9hicule juridique viable pour piloter les CLT en Inde (Yawar, 2025). Le document identifie les Tenure Cooperative Housing Societies comme la forme la plus stable de coop\u00e9rative, offrant le plus de perspectives en tant qu&#8217;outil politique pour les m\u00e9nages \u00e0 faibles revenus. Cette forme, illustr\u00e9e par la Tenant Ownership Housing Society \u00e0 Mumbai, fournit un mod\u00e8le structurel direct pour le m\u00e9canisme de double propri\u00e9t\u00e9 du CLT &#8211; o\u00f9 la coop\u00e9rative d\u00e9tient le titre l\u00e9gal du terrain et le membre a des droits d&#8217;occupation de l&#8217;unit\u00e9. En outre, ces coop\u00e9ratives d&#8217;occupation ont la capacit\u00e9 intrins\u00e8que de contr\u00f4ler la sp\u00e9culation en limitant la capacit\u00e9 des m\u00e9nages individuels \u00e0 vendre le terrain sur le march\u00e9 libre et en partageant potentiellement le produit de la vente d&#8217;un logement. Cette capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 institutionnaliser la limitation des profits sp\u00e9culatifs est essentielle \u00e0 la r\u00e9alisation de la mission du CLT, \u00e0 savoir l&#8217;accessibilit\u00e9 permanente. \u00c0 Mumbai, ce mode d&#8217;occupation en coop\u00e9rative a \u00e9t\u00e9 adapt\u00e9 avec succ\u00e8s par les autorit\u00e9s charg\u00e9es du logement public et les ONG dans le cadre des programmes de r\u00e9gularisation des bidonvilles, dans le but pr\u00e9cis d&#8217;emp\u00eacher la &#8220;vente sp\u00e9culative&#8221; parmi les b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaires \u00e0 faibles revenus.     <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<style>.kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:0px;}.kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);}.kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;background:#f2f2f2;color:#555555;padding-top:9px;padding-right:13px;padding-bottom:9px;padding-left:13px;}.kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#555555;}.kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#555555;}.kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#f2f2f2;}.kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{color:#444444;background:#eeeeee;border-top:1px solid #878787;border-right:1px solid #878787;border-bottom:1px solid #878787;border-left:1px solid #878787;}.kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion--visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#444444;}.kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#444444;}.kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#eeeeee;}.kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{color:#ffffff;background:#444444;border-top:1px solid #444444;border-right:1px solid #444444;border-bottom:1px solid #444444;border-left:1px solid #444444;}.kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#ffffff;}.kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#ffffff;}.kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#444444;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:1px solid #f2f2f2;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top:1px solid #878787;border-right:1px solid #878787;border-bottom:1px solid #878787;border-left:1px solid #878787;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top:1px solid #444444;border-right:1px solid #444444;border-bottom:1px solid #444444;border-left:1px solid #444444;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{display:block;}.kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff .kt-accordion-inner-wrap .kt-accordion-pane:not(:first-child){margin-top:0px;}.kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}.kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:1px solid #f2f2f2;}.kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top:1px solid #878787;border-right:1px solid #878787;border-bottom:1px solid #878787;border-left:1px solid #878787;}.kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top:1px solid #444444;border-right:1px solid #444444;border-bottom:1px solid #444444;border-left:1px solid #444444;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-accordion alignnone\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-wrap kt-accordion-id10143_129dc9-ff kt-accordion-has-2-panes kt-active-pane-0 kt-accordion-block kt-pane-header-alignment-left kt-accodion-icon-style-basic kt-accodion-icon-side-right\" style=\"max-width:none\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-inner-wrap\" data-allow-multiple-open=\"true\" data-start-open=\"none\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-1 kt-pane10143_611c50-64\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\"><strong><em>A Century of Differential Evolution of Housing Cooperatives in Mumbai and Chennai, par Sukumar Ganapati <\/em>(2008)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p><strong>Titre : <\/strong>Un si\u00e8cle d&#8217;\u00e9volution diff\u00e9rentielle des coop\u00e9ratives de logement \u00e0 Mumbai et \u00e0 Chennai  <br\/><strong>Auteur : <\/strong>Sukumar Ganapati  <br\/><strong>Citation\/R\u00e9f\u00e9rence : <\/strong>Ganapati, S. (2008). Un si\u00e8cle d&#8217;\u00e9volution diff\u00e9rentielle des coop\u00e9ratives de logement \u00e0 Mumbai et Chennai. <em>Housing Studies<\/em>, <em>23<\/em>(3), 403-422.   <br\/><strong>Lien de l&#8217;article : <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02673030802029982\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02673030802029982<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>R\u00e9sum\u00e9 : <\/strong>Depuis leur cr\u00e9ation au d\u00e9but du 20\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, les coop\u00e9ratives de logement ont \u00e9volu\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re diff\u00e9rente \u00e0 Mumbai et \u00e0 Chennai. Les coop\u00e9ratives de logement de Mumbai sont principalement des coop\u00e9ratives d&#8217;occupation (c&#8217;est-\u00e0-dire des coop\u00e9ratives de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 et de gestion collectives). A Chennai, il s&#8217;agit principalement de coop\u00e9ratives de financement (c&#8217;est-\u00e0-dire pour l&#8217;octroi de pr\u00eats aux membres). Ce document proc\u00e8de \u00e0 une analyse institutionnelle comparative des deux villes afin d&#8217;examiner les \u00e9volutions divergentes. Cette analyse est importante pour d\u00e9terminer les conditions institutionnelles qui permettent aux coop\u00e9ratives de prosp\u00e9rer. Quatre aspects institutionnels sont examin\u00e9s dans ce contexte : le march\u00e9 local du logement, les politiques locales du logement, le r\u00f4le du gouvernement de l&#8217;Etat et les structures de soutien institutionnel des coop\u00e9ratives.     <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Description et pertinence pour les CLT :<\/strong> L&#8217;article &#8220;A Century of Differential Evolution of Housing Co-operatives in Mumbai and Chennai&#8221; de Sukumar Ganapati fournit une analyse comparative de l&#8217;\u00e9volution diff\u00e9rente des coop\u00e9ratives de logement dans les anciennes provinces de Bombay et de Madras depuis le d\u00e9but du 20\u00e8me si\u00e8cle. A Mumbai (Maharashtra), la forme dominante est devenue la coop\u00e9rative d&#8217;occupation, organis\u00e9e pour la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 et la gestion collectives, qui a pris de l&#8217;importance apr\u00e8s l&#8217;ind\u00e9pendance de l&#8217;Inde. Ces coop\u00e9ratives comprennent des types de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 locative, o\u00f9 la coop\u00e9rative est propri\u00e9taire du terrain et o\u00f9 les membres louent leur logement. En revanche, Chennai (Tamil Nadu) a surtout vu l&#8217;\u00e9mergence de coop\u00e9ratives de financement, ax\u00e9es sur l&#8217;octroi de pr\u00eats pour la construction et la r\u00e9paration de logements.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cette analyse historique est tr\u00e8s pertinente pour la faisabilit\u00e9 des Community Land Trusts (CLT) en Inde car le cadre de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enregistr\u00e9e\/coop\u00e9rative est identifi\u00e9 comme un v\u00e9hicule viable pour piloter initialement les CLT (Yawar, 2025). Le mod\u00e8le de la Tenant Ownership Housing Society (TOHS), qui pr\u00e9vaut \u00e0 Mumbai, sert de pr\u00e9curseur juridique et structurel direct, refl\u00e9tant le principe central des CLT de double propri\u00e9t\u00e9, la coop\u00e9rative \u00e9tant collectivement propri\u00e9taire du terrain tandis que les membres louent les maisons. Le document souligne que les coop\u00e9ratives du Maharashtra ont b\u00e9n\u00e9fici\u00e9 d&#8217;une plus grande autonomie op\u00e9rationnelle, le bureau du registraire ayant adopt\u00e9 un r\u00f4le &#8220;consultatif&#8221;. Cette autonomie est vitale car elle signifie que la structure de la coop\u00e9rative peut \u00eatre adapt\u00e9e avec souplesse, ce qui permet d&#8217;int\u00e9grer l\u00e9galement dans les statuts de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des caract\u00e9ristiques propres aux CLT, telles que des restrictions \u00e0 la revente et des clauses d&#8217;accessibilit\u00e9 financi\u00e8re.   <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<style>.kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:0px;}.kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);}.kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;background:#f2f2f2;color:#555555;padding-top:9px;padding-right:13px;padding-bottom:9px;padding-left:13px;}.kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#555555;}.kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#555555;}.kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#f2f2f2;}.kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{color:#444444;background:#eeeeee;border-top:1px solid #878787;border-right:1px solid #878787;border-bottom:1px solid #878787;border-left:1px solid #878787;}.kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion--visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#444444;}.kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#444444;}.kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#eeeeee;}.kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{color:#ffffff;background:#444444;border-top:1px solid #444444;border-right:1px solid #444444;border-bottom:1px solid #444444;border-left:1px solid #444444;}.kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#ffffff;}.kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#ffffff;}.kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#444444;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:1px solid #f2f2f2;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top:1px solid #878787;border-right:1px solid #878787;border-bottom:1px solid #878787;border-left:1px solid #878787;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top:1px solid #444444;border-right:1px solid #444444;border-bottom:1px solid #444444;border-left:1px solid #444444;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{display:block;}.kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap .kt-accordion-pane:not(:first-child){margin-top:0px;}.kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}.kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:1px solid #f2f2f2;}.kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top:1px solid #878787;border-right:1px solid #878787;border-bottom:1px solid #878787;border-left:1px solid #878787;}.kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top:1px solid #444444;border-right:1px solid #444444;border-bottom:1px solid #444444;border-left:1px solid #444444;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-accordion alignnone\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-wrap kt-accordion-id10143_ea3ccf-14 kt-accordion-has-2-panes kt-active-pane-0 kt-accordion-block kt-pane-header-alignment-left kt-accodion-icon-style-basic kt-accodion-icon-side-right\" style=\"max-width:none\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-inner-wrap\" data-allow-multiple-open=\"true\" data-start-open=\"none\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-1 kt-pane10143_b5b2a5-38\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\"><strong><em>L&#8217;histoire de Magarpatta : Farmers Building Sustainable Cities<\/em>, par Amit Gupta, Sucheta Dalal, Debashis Basu, et Amita Joseph (2012)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p><strong>Titre<\/strong>: L&#8217;histoire de Magarpatta : Les agriculteurs construisent des villes durables  <br\/><strong>Auteur :<\/strong> Satish Magar<br\/><strong>Citation :<\/strong> Magar, S. (2011).<em> L&#8217;histoire de Magarpatta : Farmers building sustainable cities <\/em>(Publication occasionnelle 31). Centre international de l&#8217;Inde. <br\/><strong>Lien de l&#8217;article : <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/aws-static.iicdelhi.in\/s3fs-public\/2020-11\/163615September192011_IIC%20Occasional%20Publication%2031.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/aws-static.iicdelhi.in\/s3fs-public\/2020-11\/163615September192011_IIC%20Occasional%20Publication%2031.pdf<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Description et pertinence pour les CLT :<\/strong>La cr\u00e9ation de Magarpatta City \u00e0 Pune illustre l&#8217;application pratique de la structure de la loi sur les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s pour la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 fonci\u00e8re collective \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle, bien que ses objectifs fondamentaux divergent du mod\u00e8le CLT. Le projet a vu le jour lorsqu&#8217;environ 120 familles d&#8217;agriculteurs, agissant en tant que propri\u00e9taires fonciers d&#8217;origine, se sont r\u00e9unies pour \u00e9viter que leurs terres ne soient acquises par le gouvernement ou par des promoteurs locaux. Elles ont mis en commun leurs 430 acres de terres et ont form\u00e9 la Magarpatta Township Development and Construction Company Limited (MTDCCL), dont elles sont devenues actionnaires au prorata de leurs avoirs. Ce projet \u00e9tait bas\u00e9 sur un mod\u00e8le de partage des revenus con\u00e7u pour convertir leurs terres en un &#8220;produit fin \u00e0 valeur ajout\u00e9e&#8221; et fournir des revenus \u00e0 perp\u00e9tuit\u00e9.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La ville de Magarpatta partage des caract\u00e9ristiques structurelles avec les CLT en \u00e9tablissant une forme de gestion collective des terres. La MTDCCL a conserv\u00e9 la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 fonci\u00e8re, en recourant \u00e0 la location \u00e0 long terme pour son vaste parc informatique (Cybercity) afin de garantir une source perp\u00e9tuelle de revenus aux agriculteurs actionnaires, refl\u00e9tant ainsi le principe du CLT qui consiste \u00e0 d\u00e9tenir des terres en tant qu&#8217;actifs \u00e0 long terme. En outre, MTDCCL a cr\u00e9\u00e9 un conseil municipal pour garantir la participation des r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 la gestion des activit\u00e9s culturelles et sociales. Cependant, la principale distinction r\u00e9side dans la mission : Magarpatta \u00e9tait une entreprise \u00e0 but lucratif ax\u00e9e sur la maximisation des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices. Le mod\u00e8le de partage des revenus a permis aux actionnaires de b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier de la plus-value, ce qui a entra\u00een\u00e9 une augmentation de plus de 900 % de la valeur du terrain entre 2000 et 2011. Cette situation est en contradiction directe avec la mission du CLT, qui consiste \u00e0 garantir l&#8217;accessibilit\u00e9 permanente et la d\u00e9commercialisation des terrains, et qui impose des restrictions \u00e0 la revente afin de limiter la plus-value au profit des futurs acqu\u00e9reurs \u00e0 faibles revenus.     <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<style>.kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:0px;}.kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);}.kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;background:#f2f2f2;color:#555555;padding-top:9px;padding-right:13px;padding-bottom:9px;padding-left:13px;}.kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#555555;}.kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#555555;}.kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#f2f2f2;}.kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{color:#444444;background:#eeeeee;border-top:1px solid #878787;border-right:1px solid #878787;border-bottom:1px solid #878787;border-left:1px solid #878787;}.kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion--visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#444444;}.kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#444444;}.kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#eeeeee;}.kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{color:#ffffff;background:#444444;border-top:1px solid #444444;border-right:1px solid #444444;border-bottom:1px solid #444444;border-left:1px solid #444444;}.kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#ffffff;}.kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#ffffff;}.kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#444444;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:1px solid #f2f2f2;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top:1px solid #878787;border-right:1px solid #878787;border-bottom:1px solid #878787;border-left:1px solid #878787;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top:1px solid #444444;border-right:1px solid #444444;border-bottom:1px solid #444444;border-left:1px solid #444444;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{display:block;}.kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap .kt-accordion-pane:not(:first-child){margin-top:0px;}.kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}.kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:1px solid #f2f2f2;}.kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top:1px solid #878787;border-right:1px solid #878787;border-bottom:1px solid #878787;border-left:1px solid #878787;}.kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top:1px solid #444444;border-right:1px solid #444444;border-bottom:1px solid #444444;border-left:1px solid #444444;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-accordion alignnone\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-wrap kt-accordion-id10143_70fb8a-88 kt-accordion-has-2-panes kt-active-pane-0 kt-accordion-block kt-pane-header-alignment-left kt-accodion-icon-style-basic kt-accodion-icon-side-right\" style=\"max-width:none\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-inner-wrap\" data-allow-multiple-open=\"true\" data-start-open=\"none\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-1 kt-pane10143_eeb2f8-02\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\"><strong><em>Ville de Magarpatta : Farmers Direct Investment<\/em>, par Amit Gupta, Sucheta Dalal, Debashis Basu, et Amita Joseph (2012)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p><strong>Titre<\/strong>: L&#8217;histoire de Magarpatta : Les agriculteurs construisent des villes durables  <br\/><strong>Auteur(s) :<\/strong> Amit Gupta, Sucheta Dalal, Debashis Basu, et Amita Joseph  <br\/><strong>Citation :<\/strong> Gupta, A., Dalal, S., Basu, D., &amp; Joseph, A. (2012, novembre). <em>Magarpatta City : Farmers Direct Investment (FDI<\/em> ) (Document de travail n\u00b0 384). Institut indien de gestion de Bangalore.   <br\/><strong>Lien de l&#8217;article : <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/Delivery.cfm\/SSRN_ID2179495_code1871889.pdf?abstractid=2179495&amp;mirid=1&amp;type=2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/Delivery.cfm\/SSRN_ID2179495_code1871889.pdf?abstractid=2179495&amp;mirid=1&amp;type=2<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>R\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/strong>: La ville de Magarpatta couvre 430 acres de terres qui appartenaient \u00e0 environ 120 familles d&#8217;agriculteurs et 800 personnes. Ces agriculteurs se sont regroup\u00e9s pour former la Magarpatta Township Development and Construction Company Limited (MTDCCL) et ont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la ville, r\u00e9alisant ainsi leur r\u00eave de transformer leur terre en un produit fini \u00e0 valeur ajout\u00e9e qui leur procurerait des avantages et des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices \u00e0 perp\u00e9tuit\u00e9. Satish Magar est le leader de facto du groupe en raison de son niveau d&#8217;\u00e9ducation, de ses relations politiques, de sa plus grande propri\u00e9t\u00e9 fonci\u00e8re et de la confiance que la communaut\u00e9 Magar a en son leadership et en sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 les amener collectivement \u00e0 un point o\u00f9 tous en b\u00e9n\u00e9ficieront collectivement.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Magarpatta City a \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7ue comme une ville int\u00e9gr\u00e9e avec de multiples zones commerciales, des quartiers r\u00e9sidentiels, des \u00e9coles, des h\u00f4pitaux, des centres commerciaux, des h\u00f4tels, des restaurants et des zones de loisirs. Ces zones ont \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7ues pour \u00eatre contemporaines avec des caract\u00e9ristiques futuristes et comprennent un parc informatique de pointe appel\u00e9 Cybercity qui fournit des installations internationales aux g\u00e9ants mondiaux de l&#8217;informatique. Le fait d&#8217;\u00eatre entour\u00e9 de verdure et d&#8217;un environnement sans pollution a ajout\u00e9 \u00e0 l&#8217;attrait de la ville. La ville dispose de ses propres syst\u00e8mes de collecte des eaux de pluie, de tri des ordures et de gestion des d\u00e9chets, d&#8217;une usine de biogaz, de vermiculture, d&#8217;une p\u00e9pini\u00e8re et d&#8217;un syst\u00e8me de chauffage solaire de l&#8217;eau qui cr\u00e9ent un syst\u00e8me autosuffisant et garantissent l&#8217;am\u00e9lioration de l&#8217;environnement. Le mode de vie &#8220;marche-travail-maison-loisirs&#8221; est au c\u0153ur de Magarpatta. Toutes ces installations sont accompagn\u00e9es d&#8217;un soutien complet pour l&#8217;exploitation d&#8217;une nouvelle infrastructure informatique de pointe, d&#8217;une alimentation \u00e9lectrique de secours, d&#8217;un vaste parking, d&#8217;une s\u00e9curit\u00e9 rigoureuse et d&#8217;un respect strict des normes de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 incendie.     <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le cas d\u00e9crit le processus par lequel les agriculteurs sont pass\u00e9s pour convertir la mati\u00e8re premi\u00e8re qu&#8217;ils poss\u00e9daient (la terre) en un produit fini, \u00e0 savoir le township de Magarpatta. Il illustre les changements que conna\u00eet le secteur immobilier en Inde, les questions li\u00e9es \u00e0 l&#8217;obtention des autorisations gouvernementales pour un township, la conceptualisation, la conception, la planification et la construction du township, la commercialisation et le financement du township, les avantages du township pour les agriculteurs, les r\u00e9sidents, la ville de Pune, l&#8217;environnement commercial et le d\u00e9veloppement d&#8217;une organisation capable de poursuivre le processus de reproduction du succ\u00e8s de ce mod\u00e8le de d\u00e9veloppement immobilier. <br\/><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<style>.kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:0px;}.kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);}.kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;background:#f2f2f2;color:#555555;padding-top:9px;padding-right:13px;padding-bottom:9px;padding-left:13px;}.kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#555555;}.kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#555555;}.kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#f2f2f2;}.kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{color:#444444;background:#eeeeee;border-top:1px solid #878787;border-right:1px solid #878787;border-bottom:1px solid #878787;border-left:1px solid #878787;}.kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion--visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#444444;}.kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#444444;}.kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#eeeeee;}.kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{color:#ffffff;background:#444444;border-top:1px solid #444444;border-right:1px solid #444444;border-bottom:1px solid #444444;border-left:1px solid #444444;}.kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#ffffff;}.kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#ffffff;}.kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#444444;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:1px solid #f2f2f2;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top:1px solid #878787;border-right:1px solid #878787;border-bottom:1px solid #878787;border-left:1px solid #878787;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top:1px solid #444444;border-right:1px solid #444444;border-bottom:1px solid #444444;border-left:1px solid #444444;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{display:block;}.kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap .kt-accordion-pane:not(:first-child){margin-top:0px;}.kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}.kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:1px solid #f2f2f2;}.kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top:1px solid #878787;border-right:1px solid #878787;border-bottom:1px solid #878787;border-left:1px solid #878787;}.kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top:1px solid #444444;border-right:1px solid #444444;border-bottom:1px solid #444444;border-left:1px solid #444444;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-accordion alignnone\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-wrap kt-accordion-id10143_379758-f7 kt-accordion-has-3-panes kt-active-pane-0 kt-accordion-block kt-pane-header-alignment-left kt-accodion-icon-style-basic kt-accodion-icon-side-right\" style=\"max-width:none\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-inner-wrap\" data-allow-multiple-open=\"true\" data-start-open=\"none\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-2 kt-pane10143_bb8e5b-64\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\"><strong><em>Policy Approaches to Affordable Housing in Urban India<\/em>, par Gautam Bhan, Geetika Anand, et Swastik Harish (2014)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p><strong>Titre : <\/strong>Approches politiques du logement abordable en Inde urbaine  <br\/><strong>Auteur(s) :<\/strong> \u00c9quipe de recherche de l&#8217;IIHS : Gautam Bhan, Geetika Anand, Swastik Harish. Auteur collaborateur : Prasad Shetty.   <br\/><strong>Citation : <\/strong>Bhan, G., Anand, G., Harish, S., &amp; Shetty, P. (2014). <em>Policy approaches to affordable housing in urban India : Problems and possibilities<\/em> (IIHS-RF Policy Paper Series : Urban Housing). Institut indien des \u00e9tablissements humains.   <br\/><strong>Lien de l&#8217;article : <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/iihs_rf_housing_reduced.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/iihs_rf_housing_reduced.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Description et pertinence pour les CLT :<\/strong> Ce document, publi\u00e9 en 2014, vise \u00e0 relever les d\u00e9fis politiques critiques qui entravent la fourniture de logements abordables dans les villes indiennes, en se concentrant sur &#8220;les pratiques, les politiques et les paradigmes existants&#8221;. Le postulat central est que ni l&#8217;\u00c9tat ni le march\u00e9 ne peuvent fournir le stock requis de logements abordables \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle. Il aborde syst\u00e9matiquement dix &#8220;dynamiques&#8221; influen\u00e7ant le logement urbain, couvrant les droits l\u00e9gaux, la p\u00e9nurie de terrains, les \u00e9checs de planification et les questions de financement. Pour le mod\u00e8le du Community Land Trust (CLT), le document s&#8217;attaque \u00e0 la &#8220;dynamique 3 : les titres de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 peuvent favoriser l&#8217;embourgeoisement, mais les restrictions peuvent entra\u00eener des distorsions&#8221;. Cette dynamique est au c\u0153ur du d\u00e9fi auquel est confront\u00e9e toute intervention en mati\u00e8re de logement abordable : comment garantir aux r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 faibles revenus une s\u00e9curit\u00e9 d&#8217;occupation sans permettre \u00e0 la valeur de l&#8217;actif de s&#8217;appr\u00e9cier de fa\u00e7on spectaculaire, ce qui entra\u00eenerait une revente et, par la suite, un d\u00e9placement induit par le march\u00e9.    <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bien que les termes sp\u00e9cifiques &#8220;Community Land Trust&#8221; ou &#8220;Community Land Reserve&#8221; ne soient pas utilis\u00e9s dans le texte, les solutions politiques recommand\u00e9es sont conceptuellement align\u00e9es sur les m\u00e9canismes d&#8217;accessibilit\u00e9 perp\u00e9tuelle qui d\u00e9finissent les CLT. Le document sugg\u00e8re explicitement que les titres de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 communautaires ou coop\u00e9ratifs repr\u00e9sentent un &#8220;juste milieu&#8221; entre la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 individuelle (qui risque d&#8217;\u00eatre revendue imm\u00e9diatement \u00e0 des taux de march\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9s) et un contr\u00f4le trop restrictif de l&#8217;\u00c9tat (qui fausse le march\u00e9). Ce mod\u00e8le est con\u00e7u pour r\u00e9guler les \u00e9changes en limitant la vente \u00e0 des m\u00e9nages de m\u00eame statut socio-\u00e9conomique, ce qui permet d&#8217;\u00e9viter les d\u00e9placements de population et de maintenir le logement \u00e0 un prix abordable pour le groupe cible \u00e0 perp\u00e9tuit\u00e9. Ce m\u00e9canisme, dans lequel la communaut\u00e9 d\u00e9tient le droit de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 et limite l&#8217;appr\u00e9ciation, refl\u00e8te la fonction principale d&#8217;un bail foncier et d&#8217;une formule de revente CLT. Le document cite le projet r\u00e9ussi de Baan Mankong en Tha\u00eflande, notant que ses projets de modernisation sont structur\u00e9s autour de baux communautaires, pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment pour emp\u00eacher les d\u00e9placements li\u00e9s au march\u00e9 tout en garantissant la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 d&#8217;occupation.    <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En outre, le document aborde la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 fondamentale de garantir l&#8217;approvisionnement en terres et d&#8217;assurer la protection juridique, qui sont des conditions pr\u00e9alables essentielles au fonctionnement des CLT. Il r\u00e9fute l&#8217;affirmation populaire de la p\u00e9nurie de terres en soulignant qu&#8217;une proportion significative des terres occup\u00e9es par les \u00e9tablissements informels est d\u00e9tenue par le secteur public, souvent par des organismes locaux urbains (ULB). Il sugg\u00e8re de tirer parti de ces terrains publics par des interventions telles que la conversion des terrains occup\u00e9s en &#8220;locations sociales&#8221;, o\u00f9 l&#8217;ULB agit en tant que propri\u00e9taire, ce qui lui permet d&#8217;obtenir des revenus tout en garantissant la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 de l&#8217;occupation. Sur le plan juridique, le document plaide pour l&#8217;institutionnalisation du zonage d&#8217;inclusion, en recommandant la cr\u00e9ation d&#8217;instruments similaires \u00e0 la zone sp\u00e9ciale d&#8217;int\u00e9r\u00eat social (ZEIS) utilis\u00e9e au Br\u00e9sil. L&#8217;approche ZEIS utilise le zonage pour marquer les terres d&#8217;int\u00e9r\u00eat social et public, en prot\u00e9geant explicitement les \u00e9tablissements informels contre les expulsions forc\u00e9es et en garantissant que les terres restent accessibles pour la r\u00e9gularisation et les logements \u00e0 faible revenu. En encourageant les politiques de r\u00e9servation obligatoire des terres (comme celles du Rajasthan), les titres de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 communautaires et les protections juridiques contre le d\u00e9placement, le document \u00e9tablit l&#8217;environnement politique n\u00e9cessaire, y compris les cadres juridiques, institutionnels et d&#8217;utilisation des terres,     <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<style>.kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:0px;}.kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);}.kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;background:#f2f2f2;color:#555555;padding-top:9px;padding-right:13px;padding-bottom:9px;padding-left:13px;}.kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#555555;}.kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#555555;}.kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#f2f2f2;}.kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{color:#444444;background:#eeeeee;border-top:1px solid #878787;border-right:1px solid #878787;border-bottom:1px solid #878787;border-left:1px solid #878787;}.kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion--visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#444444;}.kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#444444;}.kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#eeeeee;}.kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{color:#ffffff;background:#444444;border-top:1px solid #444444;border-right:1px solid #444444;border-bottom:1px solid #444444;border-left:1px solid #444444;}.kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#ffffff;}.kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#ffffff;}.kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#444444;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:1px solid #f2f2f2;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top:1px solid #878787;border-right:1px solid #878787;border-bottom:1px solid #878787;border-left:1px solid #878787;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top:1px solid #444444;border-right:1px solid #444444;border-bottom:1px solid #444444;border-left:1px solid #444444;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{display:block;}.kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap .kt-accordion-pane:not(:first-child){margin-top:0px;}.kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}.kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:1px solid #f2f2f2;}.kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top:1px solid #878787;border-right:1px solid #878787;border-bottom:1px solid #878787;border-left:1px solid #878787;}.kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top:1px solid #444444;border-right:1px solid #444444;border-bottom:1px solid #444444;border-left:1px solid #444444;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-accordion alignnone\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-wrap kt-accordion-id10143_242dfb-83 kt-accordion-has-2-panes kt-active-pane-0 kt-accordion-block kt-pane-header-alignment-left kt-accodion-icon-style-basic kt-accodion-icon-side-right\" style=\"max-width:none\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-inner-wrap\" data-allow-multiple-open=\"true\" data-start-open=\"none\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-1 kt-pane10143_566072-f5\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\"><strong><em>R\u00e9serves fonci\u00e8res communautaires<\/em>, par Shirish B. Patel (2015)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p><strong>Titre : <\/strong>R\u00e9serves fonci\u00e8res communautaires  <br\/><strong>Auteur :<\/strong> Shirish B. Patel  <br\/><strong>Citation\/R\u00e9f\u00e9rence<\/strong>: Shirish B. Patel (2015). Les r\u00e9serves fonci\u00e8res communautaires. Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 50, No. 46-47, pp. 21-23.     <br\/><strong>Lien de l&#8217;article : <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cooperative-individualism.org\/patel-shirish_community-land-reserves-2015-nov.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.cooperative-individualism.org\/patel-shirish_community-land-reserves-2015-nov.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>R\u00e9sum\u00e9 :<\/strong> Les r\u00e9serves fonci\u00e8res communautaires (appel\u00e9es Community Land Trusts aux \u00c9tats-Unis) existent dans le monde entier depuis plus de 40 ans. Il s&#8217;agit d&#8217;organisations \u00e0 but non lucratif dont la mission est de fournir des logements abordables \u00e0 des groupes \u00e0 faibles revenus, pour toujours. Quelqu&#8217;un cr\u00e9e un fonds en faisant don d&#8217;un terrain. L&#8217;organisation retire ensuite ce don de terrain du march\u00e9 pour le conserver en fiducie pour toujours. Le terrain reste la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 de l&#8217;organisation, qui ne peut pas le vendre. Les parcelles individuelles sont attribu\u00e9es \u00e0 des propri\u00e9taires qui y construisent et sont propri\u00e9taires de la construction mais pas du terrain. Lors de la revente, le propri\u00e9taire r\u00e9cup\u00e8re le co\u00fbt de sa construction, ajust\u00e9 \u00e0 la valeur actuelle, mais pas l&#8217;appr\u00e9ciation de la valeur du terrain. Par cons\u00e9quent, le nouvel occupant peut \u00e9galement obtenir un logement \u00e0 un prix abordable, car il n&#8217;est pas grev\u00e9 par la valeur du terrain. Le format de gouvernance de l&#8217;organisation et la formule de revente sont essentiels \u00e0 la r\u00e9ussite.        <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Description et pertinence pour les CLT :<\/strong> L&#8217;article de Patel intitul\u00e9 Community Land Reserves est le premier document publi\u00e9 qui pr\u00e9sente et adapte le concept de Community Land Trust au contexte indien. Il propose les r\u00e9serves fonci\u00e8res communautaires (CLR) comme m\u00e9canisme permettant de s\u00e9parer la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des terrains de celle des b\u00e2timents, afin de garantir que les logements restent abordables en permanence. Dans ce mod\u00e8le, une organisation \u00e0 but non lucratif est propri\u00e9taire du terrain et le loue aux r\u00e9sidents, qui sont propri\u00e9taires des structures. Lors de la revente, les r\u00e9sidents ne r\u00e9cup\u00e8rent que le co\u00fbt du b\u00e2timent corrig\u00e9 de l&#8217;inflation, tandis que la plus-value du terrain est conserv\u00e9e dans la fiducie communautaire.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M. Patel d\u00e9crit un syst\u00e8me de gouvernance tripartite comprenant des r\u00e9sidents, des membres de la communaut\u00e9 et des fonctionnaires afin de garantir l&#8217;\u00e9quit\u00e9, la participation et la transparence. Il explique \u00e9galement comment les CLR pourraient \u00eatre enregistr\u00e9s en tant qu&#8217;entreprises \u00e0 but non lucratif au titre de l&#8217;article 8 de la loi indienne, et fonctionner dans le cadre de la l\u00e9gislation existante en mati\u00e8re de logement et d&#8217;urbanisme. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cet article constitue la premi\u00e8re discussion th\u00e9orique et politique des CLT en Inde. Il jette les bases de l&#8217;adaptation des principes des CLT aux cadres juridiques indiens et aux d\u00e9fis du d\u00e9veloppement urbain. Le mod\u00e8le CLR de Patel offre une voie pratique pour combiner la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 d&#8217;occupation, l&#8217;accessibilit\u00e9 financi\u00e8re et la gouvernance communautaire, ce qui en fait une r\u00e9f\u00e9rence fondamentale pour toute discussion sur les CLT en Inde.  <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-relevant-laws\">L\u00e9gislation applicable<\/h3>\n<style>.kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:0px;}.kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);}.kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;background:#f2f2f2;color:#555555;padding-top:9px;padding-right:13px;padding-bottom:9px;padding-left:13px;}.kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#555555;}.kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#555555;}.kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#f2f2f2;}.kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{color:#444444;background:#eeeeee;border-top:1px solid #878787;border-right:1px solid #878787;border-bottom:1px solid #878787;border-left:1px solid #878787;}.kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion--visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#444444;}.kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#444444;}.kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#eeeeee;}.kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{color:#ffffff;background:#444444;border-top:1px solid #444444;border-right:1px solid #444444;border-bottom:1px solid #444444;border-left:1px solid #444444;}.kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#ffffff;}.kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#ffffff;}.kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#444444;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:1px solid #f2f2f2;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top:1px solid #878787;border-right:1px solid #878787;border-bottom:1px solid #878787;border-left:1px solid #878787;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top:1px solid #444444;border-right:1px solid #444444;border-bottom:1px solid #444444;border-left:1px solid #444444;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{display:block;}.kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap .kt-accordion-pane:not(:first-child){margin-top:0px;}.kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}.kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:1px solid #f2f2f2;}.kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top:1px solid #878787;border-right:1px solid #878787;border-bottom:1px solid #878787;border-left:1px solid #878787;}.kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top:1px solid #444444;border-right:1px solid #444444;border-bottom:1px solid #444444;border-left:1px solid #444444;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-accordion alignnone\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-wrap kt-accordion-id10143_d5e49c-12 kt-accordion-has-2-panes kt-active-pane-0 kt-accordion-block kt-pane-header-alignment-left kt-accodion-icon-style-basic kt-accodion-icon-side-right\" style=\"max-width:none\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-inner-wrap\" data-allow-multiple-open=\"true\" data-start-open=\"none\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-1 kt-pane10143_1c80ce-81\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\"><strong>Loi sur les coop\u00e9ratives de Delhi<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p><strong>Liens<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1Vz7gPZ2R25lmi_PZCMlF3ugez5i0ctdC\/view?usp=drive_link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1Vz7gPZ2R25lmi_PZCMlF3ugez5i0ctdC\/view?usp=drive_link<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1JD4ivqNP1xobL0WTuCt0TDJh_cNJw6iq\/view?usp=drive_link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1JD4ivqNP1xobL0WTuCt0TDJh_cNJw6iq\/view?usp=drive_link<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Description et pertinence pour les CLT :<\/strong> La faisabilit\u00e9 de la mise en \u0153uvre des Community Land Trusts (CLT) peut \u00eatre analys\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re substantielle \u00e0 travers le prisme des Delhi Co-operative Societies Rules, 2007 (Delhi Rules). Ce cadre juridique est particuli\u00e8rement pertinent car il institutionnalise d\u00e9j\u00e0 le concept de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 collective et \u00e9tablit des m\u00e9canismes de gouvernance communale et d&#8217;ex\u00e9cution financi\u00e8re, qui sont tous des piliers essentiels du mod\u00e8le CLT. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le lien essentiel pour le mod\u00e8le CLT se trouve dans les r\u00e8gles relatives aux soci\u00e9t\u00e9s de logement coop\u00e9ratif. Cette classification r\u00e9pond directement au principe fondamental du CLT, \u00e0 savoir la double propri\u00e9t\u00e9 et la pr\u00e9servation des terres communes. Alors que la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9tient collectivement le titre de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 du terrain, garantissant qu&#8217;il reste \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9cart du march\u00e9 sp\u00e9culatif, les membres se voient accorder des droits d&#8217;occupation s\u00e9curis\u00e9s pour leurs unit\u00e9s d&#8217;habitation. La structure d\u00e9finie dans les r\u00e8gles de Delhi, qui consacrent le chapitre IX aux &#8220;DISPOSITIONS SP\u00c9CIALES POUR LES SOCI\u00c9T\u00c9S DE LOGEMENT COOP\u00c9RATIVES&#8221;, impose une gestion collective des actifs, des r\u00e9parations et de l&#8217;entretien des &#8220;zones et installations communes&#8221;, confirmant le r\u00f4le de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 en tant qu&#8217;intendante perp\u00e9tuelle du terrain.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pour fonctionner efficacement en tant que CLT visant une accessibilit\u00e9 perp\u00e9tuelle, une coop\u00e9rative doit imposer des contr\u00f4les sur les personnes qui peuvent y adh\u00e9rer et sur la mani\u00e8re dont les biens sont revendus. Les r\u00e8gles de Delhi facilitent cette t\u00e2che en exigeant que les objectifs de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 et les qualifications des membres soient approuv\u00e9s par le Registrar. Cette exigence permet d&#8217;int\u00e9grer une formule d&#8217;appr\u00e9ciation limit\u00e9e et des crit\u00e8res d&#8217;\u00e9ligibilit\u00e9 bas\u00e9s sur les revenus directement dans les statuts de la coop\u00e9rative, ce qui garantit que l&#8217;adh\u00e9sion est limit\u00e9e \u00e0 la population cible \u00e0 faibles revenus et que les prix de revente futurs restent abordables. Les r\u00e8gles d\u00e9finissent \u00e9galement des exigences strictes concernant la disqualification des membres, interdisant \u00e0 ceux qui poss\u00e8dent d\u00e9j\u00e0 une propri\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e0 Delhi, ce qui constitue un puissant m\u00e9canisme anti-sp\u00e9culation essentiel \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9thique du CLT.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En outre, le cadre juridique garantit la viabilit\u00e9 financi\u00e8re et la force ex\u00e9cutoire n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 une organisation CLT durable. Les r\u00e8gles contiennent des m\u00e9canismes solides pour le recouvrement des cotisations, permettant aux soci\u00e9t\u00e9s coop\u00e9ratives de logement de recouvrer les d\u00e9penses et les arri\u00e9r\u00e9s de cotisations en tant qu'&#8221;arri\u00e9r\u00e9s de revenus fonciers&#8221; par le biais d&#8217;un certificat d\u00e9livr\u00e9 par le greffier. Ce pouvoir d&#8217;ex\u00e9cution sp\u00e9cifique est primordial, car il garantit que le fonds d&#8217;entretien perp\u00e9tuel du terrain commun et des installations peut \u00eatre maintenu, soutenant ainsi la mission \u00e0 long terme du CLT. En structurant juridiquement la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 collective et en r\u00e9gulant l&#8217;int\u00e9r\u00eat priv\u00e9 par des mandats financiers et de gouvernance ex\u00e9cutoires, les r\u00e8gles de Delhi fournissent un mod\u00e8le solide pour la mise en \u0153uvre et l&#8217;extension des CLT dans les zones urbaines de Delhi.   <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<style>.kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:0px;}.kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);}.kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;background:#f2f2f2;color:#555555;padding-top:9px;padding-right:13px;padding-bottom:9px;padding-left:13px;}.kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#555555;}.kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#555555;}.kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#f2f2f2;}.kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{color:#444444;background:#eeeeee;border-top:1px solid #878787;border-right:1px solid #878787;border-bottom:1px solid #878787;border-left:1px solid #878787;}.kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion--visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#444444;}.kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#444444;}.kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#eeeeee;}.kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{color:#ffffff;background:#444444;border-top:1px solid #444444;border-right:1px solid #444444;border-bottom:1px solid #444444;border-left:1px solid #444444;}.kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#ffffff;}.kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#ffffff;}.kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#444444;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:1px solid #f2f2f2;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top:1px solid #878787;border-right:1px solid #878787;border-bottom:1px solid #878787;border-left:1px solid #878787;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top:1px solid #444444;border-right:1px solid #444444;border-bottom:1px solid #444444;border-left:1px solid #444444;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{display:block;}.kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap .kt-accordion-pane:not(:first-child){margin-top:0px;}.kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}.kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:1px solid #f2f2f2;}.kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top:1px solid #878787;border-right:1px solid #878787;border-bottom:1px solid #878787;border-left:1px solid #878787;}.kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top:1px solid #444444;border-right:1px solid #444444;border-bottom:1px solid #444444;border-left:1px solid #444444;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-accordion alignnone\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-wrap kt-accordion-id10143_a95d77-62 kt-accordion-has-3-panes kt-active-pane-0 kt-accordion-block kt-pane-header-alignment-left kt-accodion-icon-style-basic kt-accodion-icon-side-right\" style=\"max-width:none\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-inner-wrap\" data-allow-multiple-open=\"true\" data-start-open=\"none\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-1 kt-pane10143_ac414d-ee\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\"><strong>Structure organisationnelle<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p><strong>Loi sur les fiducies indiennes, 1882 : <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/14a9gTRYxsHGRQOpDS7S9bzFqPdROvXlN\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/14a9gTRYxsHGRQOpDS7S9bzFqPdROvXlN\/view?usp=sharing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Loi sur les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s, 2013 : <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/13QPjZo1roP8kbM71_VhrElvm0nS5R7zL\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/13QPjZo1roP8kbM71_VhrElvm0nS5R7zL\/view?usp=sharing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Loi sur l&#8217;enregistrement des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s, 1860 :<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1iMkFzFHYCkDHp7DZTvkt4WquuEAj34kk\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1iMkFzFHYCkDHp7DZTvkt4WquuEAj34kk\/view?usp=sharing<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Description et pertinence pour les CLT :<\/strong> L&#8217;article de Mohd Yawar (2025) explore le potentiel de cr\u00e9ation de Community Land Trusts (CLT) en Inde en utilisant les cadres juridiques existants du pays, concluant que trois entit\u00e9s juridiques principales peuvent servir de structures organisationnelles : les trusts caritatifs, les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s de la section 8 (en vertu de la loi sur les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s de 2013), et les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s enregistr\u00e9es (en vertu de la loi sur l&#8217;enregistrement des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s de 1860). Sur la base d&#8217;une \u00e9valuation des exigences d\u00e9mocratiques inh\u00e9rentes au mod\u00e8le CLT, la recherche identifie le mod\u00e8le de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enregistr\u00e9e (y compris les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s coop\u00e9ratives de logement) comme le v\u00e9hicule le plus viable pour piloter initialement les CLT en Inde. Ce cadre est hautement compatible avec la structure de gouvernance d\u00e9mocratique des CLT, permettant la participation des membres, l&#8217;autonomie et la flexibilit\u00e9 des r\u00e8gles n\u00e9cessaires aux projets de base. En revanche, le mod\u00e8le de l&#8217;entreprise de l&#8217;article 8, tout en offrant une grande cr\u00e9dibilit\u00e9 institutionnelle, est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme appropri\u00e9 pour les CLT bien \u00e9tablis, op\u00e9rant \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle, ou n\u00e9cessitant des partenariats \u00e9tendus avec des acteurs gouvernementaux et internationaux.   <br\/><br\/>Le tableau suivant et le r\u00e9sum\u00e9 d\u00e9taill\u00e9 comparent l&#8217;efficacit\u00e9 de l&#8217;utilisation d&#8217;un Public Charitable Trust, d&#8217;une Section 8 Company ou d&#8217;une Registered Society\/Cooperative comme v\u00e9hicule juridique pour \u00e9tablir un Community Land Trust (CLT) en Inde.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Fonctionnalit\u00e9<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Trust (loi sur les trusts indiens, 1882)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Section 8 Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 (Loi sur les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s, 2013)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 enregistr\u00e9e\/coop\u00e9rative (Societies Registration Act, 1860, et Co-operative Acts)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Droit applicable et objectif<\/strong><\/td><td>La loi indienne sur les fiducies (Indian Trusts Act) de 1882 r\u00e9git les fiducies priv\u00e9es (les lois des \u00c9tats r\u00e9gissent les fiducies publiques). Un &#8220;trust&#8221; est une obligation annex\u00e9e \u00e0 la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 d&#8217;un bien, d\u00e9coulant de la confiance accord\u00e9e au profit d&#8217;un &#8220;b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaire&#8221;. Le but doit \u00eatre licite.  <\/td><td>Loi sur les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s, 2013. \u00c9tablies \u00e0 des fins caritatives ou non lucratives ; la distribution de b\u00e9n\u00e9fices est interdite et elles doivent se conformer aux normes statutaires en mati\u00e8re d&#8217;information. <\/td><td>Loi sur l&#8217;enregistrement des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s, 1860. Constitu\u00e9es \u00e0 des fins litt\u00e9raires, scientifiques ou caritatives, ou pour promouvoir le bien-\u00eatre g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des membres. <\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Alignement du noyau CLT<\/strong><\/td><td>S\u00e9curit\u00e9 juridique mod\u00e9r\u00e9e, mais la structure de gouvernance est en contradiction avec les principes d\u00e9mocratiques du CLT.<\/td><td>Une cr\u00e9dibilit\u00e9 institutionnelle \u00e9lev\u00e9e, adapt\u00e9e aux partenariats \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle, mais une structure de gouvernance rigide et souvent au sommet.<\/td><td>Le plus viable : Tr\u00e8s flexible, structurellement d\u00e9mocratique et facilement adaptable au contr\u00f4le communautaire de base.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Gouvernance et d\u00e9mocratie<\/strong><\/td><td>Faible alignement. Les administrateurs sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement <em>nomm\u00e9s<\/em> et ont un caract\u00e8re fiduciaire. La gouvernance est hi\u00e9rarchique et suit les directives de l&#8217;auteur de la fiducie. Les possibilit\u00e9s d&#8217;implication d\u00e9mocratique de la communaut\u00e9 sont limit\u00e9es.   <\/td><td>Faible alignement. Gouvern\u00e9 par les directeurs et les principaux cadres. La structure risque d&#8217;\u00eatre distante et bureaucratique. La prise de d\u00e9cision n\u00e9cessite des r\u00e9solutions ordinaires ou sp\u00e9ciales.   <\/td><td>Un alignement fort. G\u00e9r\u00e9 par un organe de direction \u00e9lu par l&#8217;ensemble des membres. Hautement compatible avec le mod\u00e8le participatif du CLT. La Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 poursuit ou est poursuivie au nom du dirigeant d\u00e9sign\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment aux r\u00e8gles.   <\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Perp\u00e9tuit\u00e9 et propri\u00e9t\u00e9 fonci\u00e8re<\/strong><\/td><td>Forte capacit\u00e9. Le terrain (&#8220;propri\u00e9t\u00e9 fiduciaire&#8221;) est d\u00e9tenu \u00e0 perp\u00e9tuit\u00e9 par le fiduciaire. Toutefois, s&#8217;il n&#8217;y a qu&#8217;un seul b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaire comp\u00e9tent, il peut exiger du fiduciaire qu&#8217;il lui transf\u00e8re imm\u00e9diatement la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 fiduciaire, ce qui constitue un risque fondamental pour la d\u00e9tention perp\u00e9tuelle des terres.  <\/td><td>Forte capacit\u00e9. Peut d\u00e9tenir un terrain \u00e0 perp\u00e9tuit\u00e9. Doit d\u00e9poser les d\u00e9tails de toutes les charges ou charges flottantes affectant la propri\u00e9t\u00e9.  <\/td><td>Forte capacit\u00e9. Peut d\u00e9tenir des terres en son nom propre. Lors de la dissolution, aucun membre ne re\u00e7oit de b\u00e9n\u00e9fices et les actifs doivent \u00eatre transf\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 une autre soci\u00e9t\u00e9 ayant des objectifs similaires. Les statuts peuvent imposer un vote \u00e0 la majorit\u00e9 absolue pour la dissolution.   <\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Flexibilit\u00e9 op\u00e9rationnelle<\/strong><\/td><td>Rigide. Les fiduciaires doivent se conformer strictement \u00e0 l&#8217;acte de fiducie. La d\u00e9l\u00e9gation de fonctions discr\u00e9tionnaires est limit\u00e9e. Les administrateurs ne peuvent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement pas tirer d&#8217;avantages financiers.   <\/td><td>Bureaucratique. La mise en place est soumise \u00e0 des proc\u00e9dures intensives, exigeant le respect de r\u00e8gles \u00e9tendues en mati\u00e8re d&#8217;\u00e9tats financiers, d&#8217;audits et de modification des statuts\/m\u00e9morandums. <\/td><td>Grande flexibilit\u00e9. Les statuts peuvent \u00eatre adapt\u00e9s pour int\u00e9grer les principes du CLT, tels que les restrictions \u00e0 la revente et les formules d&#8217;amortissement limit\u00e9. Les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s sont explicitement autoris\u00e9es \u00e0 modifier, \u00e9tendre ou abr\u00e9ger leurs objectifs.  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Responsabilit\u00e9<\/strong><\/td><td>Les fiduciaires sont personnellement responsables de la r\u00e9paration de toute perte r\u00e9sultant d&#8217;un abus de confiance. La responsabilit\u00e9 est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement illimit\u00e9e. Les coadministrateurs sont solidairement responsables si l&#8217;un d&#8217;entre eux permet \u00e0 l&#8217;autre de commettre un abus.  <\/td><td>Les administrateurs et les dirigeants sont passibles de sanctions et d&#8217;amendes \u00e9lev\u00e9es en cas de non-respect des r\u00e8gles. La responsabilit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale est limit\u00e9e. Des sanctions sont pr\u00e9vues en cas de fraude.  <\/td><td>Ils doivent tenir une comptabilit\u00e9 r\u00e9guli\u00e8re et se soumettre \u00e0 un audit annuel. Le greffier a le pouvoir d&#8217;inspecter les registres et de saisir les comptes si n\u00e9cessaire. Responsabilit\u00e9 en mati\u00e8re de p\u00e9nalit\u00e9s en vertu des r\u00e8glements administratifs.  <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<style>.kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:0px;}.kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);}.kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;background:#f2f2f2;color:#555555;padding-top:9px;padding-right:13px;padding-bottom:9px;padding-left:13px;}.kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#555555;}.kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#555555;}.kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#f2f2f2;}.kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{color:#444444;background:#eeeeee;border-top:1px solid #878787;border-right:1px solid #878787;border-bottom:1px solid #878787;border-left:1px solid #878787;}.kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion--visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#444444;}.kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#444444;}.kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#eeeeee;}.kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{color:#ffffff;background:#444444;border-top:1px solid #444444;border-right:1px solid #444444;border-bottom:1px solid #444444;border-left:1px solid #444444;}.kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#ffffff;}.kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#ffffff;}.kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#444444;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:1px solid #f2f2f2;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top:1px solid #878787;border-right:1px solid #878787;border-bottom:1px solid #878787;border-left:1px solid #878787;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top:1px solid #444444;border-right:1px solid #444444;border-bottom:1px solid #444444;border-left:1px solid #444444;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{display:block;}.kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap .kt-accordion-pane:not(:first-child){margin-top:0px;}.kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}.kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:1px solid #f2f2f2;}.kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top:1px solid #878787;border-right:1px solid #878787;border-bottom:1px solid #878787;border-left:1px solid #878787;}.kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top:1px solid #444444;border-right:1px solid #444444;border-bottom:1px solid #444444;border-left:1px solid #444444;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-accordion alignnone\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-wrap kt-accordion-id10143_b89117-32 kt-accordion-has-2-panes kt-active-pane-0 kt-accordion-block kt-pane-header-alignment-left kt-accodion-icon-style-basic kt-accodion-icon-side-right\" style=\"max-width:none\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-inner-wrap\" data-allow-multiple-open=\"true\" data-start-open=\"none\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-1 kt-pane10143_6a80a6-d8\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\"><strong>State Co-Operative Societies Act et Maharashtra Co-Operative Societies Act (loi sur les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s coop\u00e9ratives de l&#8217;\u00c9tat)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p><strong>Liens<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1SFz1DcsTNt6M0hre_47PLMdbvBGsXEKR\/view?usp=drive_link\">https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1SFz1DcsTNt6M0hre_47PLMdbvBGsXEKR\/view?usp=drive_link<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1c917fMQ1-8R-U66SqqPclsiyGM33ErVL\/view?usp=drive_link\">https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1c917fMQ1-8R-U66SqqPclsiyGM33ErVL\/view?usp=drive_link<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Description et pertinence pour les CLT :<\/strong> La faisabilit\u00e9 de la mise en \u0153uvre des Community Land Trusts (CLT) ou des Community Land Reserves (CLR) en Inde est largement soutenue par le cadre existant des lois coop\u00e9ratives au niveau de l&#8217;\u00c9tat et s&#8217;appuie sur celui-ci, en particulier sur les principes int\u00e9gr\u00e9s dans le Maharashtra Co-operative Societies Act de 1960 (la Loi) et les r\u00e8gles de 1961 qui l&#8217;accompagnent (les R\u00e8gles). La pertinence de ces lois r\u00e9side dans leur capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 r\u00e9pondre aux exigences juridiques fondamentales du mod\u00e8le CLT, en particulier en ce qui concerne la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 collective perp\u00e9tuelle des terres et l&#8217;application des restrictions en mati\u00e8re d&#8217;accessibilit\u00e9 financi\u00e8re. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La pertinence fondamentale est \u00e9tablie par la classification d&#8217;un CLT\/CLR potentiel en tant que Tenant Ownership Housing Society (TOHS) en vertu de la loi. La r\u00e8gle 10(1) et la r\u00e8gle 4(e)(vii)(a) classent explicitement et pr\u00e9voient des droits d&#8217;enregistrement pour les Housing Societies, y compris les Tenant Ownership Housing Societies, qui sont d\u00e9finies comme des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s o\u00f9 le terrain est d\u00e9tenu en location ou en pleine propri\u00e9t\u00e9 par la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, tandis que les maisons sont d\u00e9tenues par les membres. Cet arrangement est essentiel car il reconna\u00eet explicitement et institutionnalise la double structure de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 essentielle \u00e0 un CLT : la coop\u00e9rative conserve l&#8217;aspect du terrain commun en poss\u00e9dant la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 sous-jacente, tandis que les membres acqui\u00e8rent l&#8217;int\u00e9r\u00eat l\u00e9gal et la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 de la structure de logement construite sur ce terrain.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Afin de garantir la permanence et l&#8217;int\u00e9r\u00eat public qui sont au c\u0153ur de la mission du CLT, le cadre coop\u00e9ratif permet de personnaliser son objectif et les crit\u00e8res d&#8217;adh\u00e9sion par le biais de ses statuts. Le greffier est habilit\u00e9 \u00e0 exiger d&#8217;une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qu&#8217;elle adopte des statuts concernant &#8220;l&#8217;objet de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9&#8221; et &#8220;les conditions et les crit\u00e8res d&#8217;admission des membres&#8221;. Ce pouvoir r\u00e9glementaire permet d&#8217;incorporer les principales caract\u00e9ristiques des CLT directement dans les documents constitutifs de la coop\u00e9rative. Par exemple, les statuts peuvent imposer l&#8217;objectif principal de fournir des logements abordables de mani\u00e8re permanente et instituer des crit\u00e8res d&#8217;\u00e9ligibilit\u00e9 bas\u00e9s sur le revenu pour l&#8217;adh\u00e9sion. En outre, le pouvoir du registraire d&#8217;approuver ou de modifier les statuts garantit que des mesures telles qu&#8217;une formule d&#8217;appr\u00e9ciation limit\u00e9e sont juridiquement contraignantes, limitant ainsi le prix de revente des unit\u00e9s de logement afin de pr\u00e9server l&#8217;accessibilit\u00e9 pour les futurs acheteurs \u00e0 faibles revenus.    <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Le Centre International pour les Fonds Fonciers Communautaires (ICCLT) a le plaisir d&#8217;annoncer la publication du document de travail &#8220;Des CLT pour l&#8217;Inde ? Une exploration du mod\u00e8le de la [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":3144,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"give_campaign_id":0,"_tec_requires_first_save":true,"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"_tribe_blocks_recurrence_rules":"","_tribe_blocks_recurrence_description":"","_tribe_blocks_recurrence_exclusions":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[159],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10152","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","category-sud-mondial"],"blocksy_meta":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.4 (Yoast SEO v27.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Inde - International Center for Community Land Trusts<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/bibliotheque-de-ressources\/sud-mondial\/inde\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Inde\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Le Centre International pour les Fonds Fonciers Communautaires (ICCLT) a le plaisir d&#8217;annoncer la publication du document de travail &#8220;Des CLT pour l&#8217;Inde ? Une exploration du mod\u00e8le de la [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/bibliotheque-de-ressources\/sud-mondial\/inde\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"International Center for Community Land Trusts\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/cltcenter\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-10-28T15:59:02+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/CLTs-for-India-cover.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"640\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"854\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@Center4CLTs\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"29 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.cltweb.org\\\/fr\\\/bibliotheque-de-ressources\\\/sud-mondial\\\/inde\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.cltweb.org\\\/fr\\\/bibliotheque-de-ressources\\\/sud-mondial\\\/inde\\\/\",\"name\":\"Inde - International Center for Community Land Trusts\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.cltweb.org\\\/fr\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.cltweb.org\\\/fr\\\/bibliotheque-de-ressources\\\/sud-mondial\\\/inde\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.cltweb.org\\\/fr\\\/bibliotheque-de-ressources\\\/sud-mondial\\\/inde\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.cltweb.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/10\\\/CLTs-for-India-cover.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-10-26T17:01:14+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-10-28T15:59:02+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.cltweb.org\\\/fr\\\/bibliotheque-de-ressources\\\/sud-mondial\\\/inde\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.cltweb.org\\\/fr\\\/bibliotheque-de-ressources\\\/sud-mondial\\\/inde\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.cltweb.org\\\/fr\\\/bibliotheque-de-ressources\\\/sud-mondial\\\/inde\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.cltweb.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/10\\\/CLTs-for-India-cover.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.cltweb.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/10\\\/CLTs-for-India-cover.png\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.cltweb.org\\\/fr\\\/bibliotheque-de-ressources\\\/sud-mondial\\\/inde\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.cltweb.org\\\/fr\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Biblioth\u00e8que de ressources\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.cltweb.org\\\/fr\\\/bibliotheque-de-ressources\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Sud mondial\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.cltweb.org\\\/fr\\\/bibliotheque-de-ressources\\\/sud-mondial\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":4,\"name\":\"Inde\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.cltweb.org\\\/fr\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.cltweb.org\\\/fr\\\/\",\"name\":\"International Center for Community Land Trusts\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.cltweb.org\\\/fr\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.cltweb.org\\\/fr\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.cltweb.org\\\/fr\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"International Center for Community Land Trusts\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.cltweb.org\\\/fr\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.cltweb.org\\\/fr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.cltweb.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/11\\\/New-CLT-Center-Text-logo.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.cltweb.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/11\\\/New-CLT-Center-Text-logo.png\",\"width\":227,\"height\":80,\"caption\":\"International Center for Community Land Trusts\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.cltweb.org\\\/fr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/cltcenter\",\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/Center4CLTs\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.instagram.com\\\/cltcenter\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.linkedin.com\\\/company\\\/cltcenter\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/@centerforcltinnovation5313\"],\"description\":\"The International Center for Community Land Trusts is a not-for-profit nongovernmental organization established in 2018 to promote and to support community land trusts and similar strategies of community-led development on community-owned land in countries throughout the world.\",\"email\":\"info@communitylandtrust.net\",\"legalName\":\"International Center for Community Land Trusts\",\"foundingDate\":\"2018-12-01\",\"taxID\":\"84-3858933\",\"numberOfEmployees\":{\"@type\":\"QuantitativeValue\",\"minValue\":\"1\",\"maxValue\":\"10\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Inde - International Center for Community Land Trusts","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/bibliotheque-de-ressources\/sud-mondial\/inde\/","og_locale":"fr_FR","og_type":"article","og_title":"Inde","og_description":"Le Centre International pour les Fonds Fonciers Communautaires (ICCLT) a le plaisir d&#8217;annoncer la publication du document de travail &#8220;Des CLT pour l&#8217;Inde ? Une exploration du mod\u00e8le de la [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/bibliotheque-de-ressources\/sud-mondial\/inde\/","og_site_name":"International Center for Community Land Trusts","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/cltcenter","article_modified_time":"2025-10-28T15:59:02+00:00","og_image":[{"width":640,"height":854,"url":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/CLTs-for-India-cover.png","type":"image\/png"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_site":"@Center4CLTs","twitter_misc":{"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e":"29 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/bibliotheque-de-ressources\/sud-mondial\/inde\/","url":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/bibliotheque-de-ressources\/sud-mondial\/inde\/","name":"Inde - International Center for Community Land Trusts","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/bibliotheque-de-ressources\/sud-mondial\/inde\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/bibliotheque-de-ressources\/sud-mondial\/inde\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/CLTs-for-India-cover.png","datePublished":"2025-10-26T17:01:14+00:00","dateModified":"2025-10-28T15:59:02+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/bibliotheque-de-ressources\/sud-mondial\/inde\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"fr-FR","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/bibliotheque-de-ressources\/sud-mondial\/inde\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/bibliotheque-de-ressources\/sud-mondial\/inde\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/CLTs-for-India-cover.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/CLTs-for-India-cover.png"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/bibliotheque-de-ressources\/sud-mondial\/inde\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Biblioth\u00e8que de ressources","item":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/bibliotheque-de-ressources\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Sud mondial","item":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/bibliotheque-de-ressources\/sud-mondial\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"name":"Inde"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/","name":"International Center for Community Land Trusts","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"fr-FR"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/#organization","name":"International Center for Community Land Trusts","url":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/New-CLT-Center-Text-logo.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/New-CLT-Center-Text-logo.png","width":227,"height":80,"caption":"International Center for Community Land Trusts"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/cltcenter","https:\/\/x.com\/Center4CLTs","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/cltcenter\/","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/cltcenter","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@centerforcltinnovation5313"],"description":"The International Center for Community Land Trusts is a not-for-profit nongovernmental organization established in 2018 to promote and to support community land trusts and similar strategies of community-led development on community-owned land in countries throughout the world.","email":"info@communitylandtrust.net","legalName":"International Center for Community Land Trusts","foundingDate":"2018-12-01","taxID":"84-3858933","numberOfEmployees":{"@type":"QuantitativeValue","minValue":"1","maxValue":"10"}}]}},"campaignId":"","taxonomy_info":{"category":[{"value":159,"label":"Sud mondial"}]},"featured_image_src_large":false,"author_info":{"display_name":"cltredesign_0jp0l4","author_link":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/author\/cltredesign_0jp0l4\/"},"comment_info":0,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":822,"url":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/ce-que-font-les-clt\/sud-mondial\/","url_meta":{"origin":10152,"position":0},"title":"Sud mondial","author":"cltredesign_0jp0l4","date":"26 juillet 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"","rel":"","context":"Dans &quot;Ce que font les CLT&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Ce que font les CLT","link":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/category\/ce-que-font-les-clt\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":3144,"url":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/bibliotheque-de-ressources\/sud-mondial\/","url_meta":{"origin":10152,"position":1},"title":"Sud mondial","author":"cltredesign_0jp0l4","date":"4 octobre 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"Fonds fonciers communautaires dans les pays du Sud Gr\u00e2ce au travail de pionnier du Tanzania-Bondeni Community Land Trust au Kenya, du Fideicomiso de la Tierra del Ca\u00f1o Mart\u00edn Pe\u00f1a \u00e0 Porto Rico et de Catalytic Communities au Br\u00e9sil, il existe un grand potentiel d'expansion des fiducies fonci\u00e8res communautaires dans le\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans &quot;Biblioth\u00e8que de ressources&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Biblioth\u00e8que de ressources","link":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/category\/bibliotheque-de-ressources\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":3718,"url":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/bibliotheque-de-ressources\/sud-mondial\/afrique\/","url_meta":{"origin":10152,"position":2},"title":"Afrique","author":"cltredesign_0jp0l4","date":"19 octobre 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"Kenya et Afrique du SudLes Community Land Trusts sont apparus pour la premi\u00e8re fois dans l'h\u00e9misph\u00e8re sud \u00e0 Voi, au Kenya, avec le Tanzania-Bondeni Community Land Trust. L'application du mod\u00e8le CLT en Afrique du Sud suscite de plus en plus d'int\u00e9r\u00eat. Kenya Articles Anglais Seeding the CLT in Africa :\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans &quot;Sud mondial&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Sud mondial","link":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/category\/sud-mondial\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":8094,"url":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/bibliotheque-de-ressources\/modele-de-sous-section-des-ressources\/","url_meta":{"origin":10152,"position":3},"title":"R\u00e9seau mondial CLT","author":"cltredesign_0jp0l4","date":"28 d\u00e9cembre 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"R\u00e9seau mondial CLT Il existe 616 CLT dans 13 pays. Consultez la carte mondiale, notre liste de r\u00e9seaux de CLT et une section consacr\u00e9e aux CLT dans le Sud.","rel":"","context":"Article similaire","block_context":{"text":"Article similaire","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":907,"url":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/programmes-et-projets\/","url_meta":{"origin":10152,"position":4},"title":"Programmes et projets","author":"cltredesign_0jp0l4","date":"26 juillet 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"L'\u00e9ducation Am\u00e9liorer la sensibilisation, les ressources et le soutien aux praticiens et aux communaut\u00e9s CLT. Biblioth\u00e8que en ligne et archives CLT : Collecter et conserver des documents - en plusieurs langues - pr\u00e9sentant le CLT, des \u00e9tudes de cas, les meilleures pratiques et l'histoire du mouvement CLT. Carte et r\u00e9pertoire\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans &quot;Non classifi\u00e9(e)&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Non classifi\u00e9(e)","link":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/category\/non-classifiee\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":906,"url":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/bibliotheque-de-ressources\/","url_meta":{"origin":10152,"position":5},"title":"Biblioth\u00e8que de ressources","author":"cltredesign_0jp0l4","date":"26 juillet 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"R\u00e9seau mondial Il existe 616 CLT dans 13 pays. Consultez la carte mondiale, notre liste de r\u00e9seaux de CLT et une section consacr\u00e9e aux CLT dans le Sud. Profils Nous avons recueilli des \u00e9tudes de cas sur le CLT, ainsi que des entretiens avec des personnalit\u00e9s cl\u00e9s du mouvement CLT.\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans &quot;Biblioth\u00e8que de ressources&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Biblioth\u00e8que de ressources","link":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/category\/bibliotheque-de-ressources\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10152","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10152"}],"version-history":[{"count":37,"href":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10152\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10366,"href":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10152\/revisions\/10366"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3144"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10152"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10152"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10152"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}