{"id":21364,"date":"2026-11-06T13:58:39","date_gmt":"2026-11-06T13:58:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/bibliotheque-de-ressources\/les-racines-du-mouvement-clt\/precurseurs-internationaux\/les-villages-gramdan-en-inde\/"},"modified":"2026-11-08T15:23:47","modified_gmt":"2026-11-08T15:23:47","slug":"les-villages-gramdan-en-inde","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/bibliotheque-de-ressources\/les-racines-du-mouvement-clt\/precurseurs-internationaux\/les-villages-gramdan-en-inde\/","title":{"rendered":"Les villages Gramdan en Inde"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group clt-ph is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"clt-ph-label wp-block-paragraph\">Le Guide du jardinier \u00b7 Partie 1 \u00b7 Chapitre 3 sur 4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading clt-ph-title\">Les villages Gramdan en Inde<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"clt-ph-desc wp-block-paragraph\">Apr\u00e8s la mort de Gandhi, Vinoba Bhave a men\u00e9 un mouvement pour donner des terres aux pauvres et les confier \u00e0 des fiducies villageoises, une id\u00e9e qui a ensuite travers\u00e9 l\u2019oc\u00e9an.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"clt-ph-facts wp-block-paragraph\">Par John Emmeus Davis \u00b7 Illustrations de Bonnie Acker \u00b7 2014<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6af2614c2a3a1&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6af2614c2a3a1\" class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-medium is-resized wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"268\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/PRECUSORS-Gramdan-Villages-300x268.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration : Gramdan Villages\" class=\"wp-image-21040\" style=\"width:294px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/PRECUSORS-Gramdan-Villages-300x268.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/PRECUSORS-Gramdan-Villages-768x687.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/PRECUSORS-Gramdan-Villages.jpg 1021w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Illustration de Bonnie Acker \u00a9 2014<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6af2614c2aca5&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6af2614c2aca5\" class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-medium is-resized wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Gandhi-with-spinning-wheel-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Gandhi avec son rouet\" class=\"wp-image-20574\" style=\"width:291px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Gandhi-with-spinning-wheel-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Gandhi-with-spinning-wheel.jpg 512w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Apr\u00e8s l\u2019assassinat de Gandhi en 1948, la direction politique de son mouvement revint \u00e0 Nehru. La direction spirituelle revint \u00e0 Vinoba Bhave. Le \u00ab programme constructif \u00bb de Gandhi pour l\u2019Inde postcoloniale avait envisag\u00e9 une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9centralis\u00e9e, fond\u00e9e sur des villages autonomes et autosuffisants. Gandhi avait \u00e9galement<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Gandhi-with-spinning-wheel-300x225.jpg\"><br\/> <\/a>formul\u00e9 un concept de \u00ab tutelle \u00bb, affirmant que les terres et autres biens devaient \u00eatre plac\u00e9s sous tutelle au profit des pauvres. Vinoba Bhava fit sienne la vision de Gandhi et h\u00e9rita de son souci du sort des pauvres des zones rurales.<\/p>\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6af2614c2b4f3&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6af2614c2b4f3\" class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-medium is-resized wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"272\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Gramdan-march-in-1960-Acharya-Vinoba-Bhave-at-Sirsa-300x272.jpg\" alt=\"La marche de Gramdan en 1960 &#x2013; Acharya Vinoba Bhave &#xE0; Sirsa\" class=\"wp-image-20586\" style=\"width:286px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Gramdan-march-in-1960-Acharya-Vinoba-Bhave-at-Sirsa-300x272.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Gramdan-march-in-1960-Acharya-Vinoba-Bhave-at-Sirsa.jpg 628w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pendant 13 ans, \u00e0 partir de 1951, Vinoba a parcouru l\u2019Inde \u00e0 pied, accompagn\u00e9 d\u2019<br\/> s de partisans. Allant de village en village, il demandait aux riches propri\u00e9taires terriens de faire don d\u2019une partie de leurs terres aux familles d\u00e9munies. Des centaines de propri\u00e9taires terriens ont r\u00e9pondu g\u00e9n\u00e9reusement \u00e0 son appel. C\u2019est ainsi qu\u2019est n\u00e9 le mouvement du \u00ab don de terres \u00bb (Bhoodan). \u00c0 son apog\u00e9e, Vinoba et ses partisans collectaient entre 1 000 et 3 000 acres par jour. En 1954, plus de 3 millions d\u2019acres avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 distribu\u00e9s aux pauvres et Vinoba \u00e9tait salu\u00e9 comme le \u00ab saint marcheur de l\u2019Inde \u00bb.<\/p>\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6af2614c2c906&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6af2614c2c906\" class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-medium is-resized wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"235\" height=\"300\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Vinoba-Bhave-ink-portrait-235x300.jpg\" alt=\"Portrait de Vinoba Bhave &#xE0; l'encre\" class=\"wp-image-20587\" style=\"width:224px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Vinoba-Bhave-ink-portrait-235x300.jpg 235w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Vinoba-Bhave-ink-portrait.jpg 501w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 235px) 100vw, 235px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mais les paysans pauvres avaient beaucoup de mal \u00e0 conserver les petites parcelles qui leur avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 attribu\u00e9es. Une grande partie de leurs terres fut rapidement perdue au profit des usuriers et des sp\u00e9culateurs. Face \u00e0 cette situation, Vinoba se souvint d\u2019une d\u00e9claration ant\u00e9rieure de Gandhi au sujet de la r\u00e9forme agraire :  <em>\u00ab Il vaut bien mieux que cent familles d&rsquo;un village cultivent leurs terres en commun et se partagent les revenus qui en d\u00e9coulent, plut\u00f4t que de diviser les terres n&rsquo;importe comment en cent parcelles. \u00bb  <\/em>  Vinoba a progressivement transform\u00e9 le programme \u00ab Land Gift \u00bb en programme \u00ab Village Gift \u00bb \u2013 le  <em>Bhoodan<\/em>  Le mouvement est devenu le  <em>Gramdan<\/em>  Mouvement. Il a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 insister pour que tout don de terres soit fait \u00e0 des villages entiers, et non \u00e0 des particuliers d\u00e9munis. Les terres seraient g\u00e9r\u00e9es en fiducie par un conseil de village, puis lou\u00e9es aux agriculteurs locaux.<\/p>\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6af2614c2d7d0&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6af2614c2d7d0\" class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-medium is-resized wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"228\" height=\"300\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/TIME-Magazine-May-11-1953-228x300.jpg\" alt=\"Magazine TIME, 11 mai 1953\" class=\"wp-image-20588\" style=\"width:228px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/TIME-Magazine-May-11-1953-228x300.jpg 228w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/TIME-Magazine-May-11-1953.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 228px) 100vw, 228px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le premier village Gramdan, Mongroth, a \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9 en 1952. Il faudra cependant attendre trois ans pour que la nouvelle vague de villages Gramdan apparaisse et commence \u00e0 supplanter progressivement le mouvement Bhoodan. En 1953, Vinoba et ses disciples lancent une campagne \u00e9nergique de r\u00e9forme agraire en Orissa (ou Odisha), un \u00c9tat situ\u00e9 dans le nord-est de l&rsquo;Inde. Lorsque Vinoba a quitt\u00e9 l&rsquo;\u00c9tat en octobre 1955, il y avait 812 villages Gramdan.<\/p>\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6af2614c2e30f&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6af2614c2e30f\" class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-medium is-resized wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"234\" height=\"300\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Vinoba-Bhave-photo-1-234x300.jpg\" alt=\"Vinoba Bhave - photo\" class=\"wp-image-20589\" style=\"width:234px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Vinoba-Bhave-photo-1-234x300.jpg 234w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Vinoba-Bhave-photo-1.jpg 482w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 234px) 100vw, 234px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c0 l&rsquo;apog\u00e9e du mouvement, dans les ann\u00e9es 1960, plus de 160 000 villages Gramdan avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9s, mais le mouvement s&rsquo;est essouffl\u00e9 au cours de la d\u00e9cennie suivante. Gramdan a surtout r\u00e9ussi dans les villages tribaux recul\u00e9s o\u00f9 la diff\u00e9renciation des classes n&rsquo;\u00e9tait pas encore apparue et o\u00f9 il y avait peu de disparit\u00e9 entre les riches et les pauvres en mati\u00e8re de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 fonci\u00e8re. Gramdan a \u00e9t\u00e9 moins bien accept\u00e9 dans les villages des plaines ou \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 des centres urbains. Dans les ann\u00e9es 1970, peu de nouveaux villages ont \u00e9t\u00e9 int\u00e9gr\u00e9s au programme et les terres d\u00e9tenues en fiducie par de nombreux villages Gramdan plus anciens sont redevenues propri\u00e9t\u00e9 individuelle. En 2009, il ne restait plus que 5 000 villages Gramdan dans toute l&rsquo;Inde.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ralph Borsodi enseignait en Inde \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9poque o\u00f9 Gramdan \u00e9tait le plus r\u00e9pandu, le plus influent et le plus prometteur. Il a vu dans ces exp\u00e9riences locales de r\u00e9forme agraire une confirmation de ses propres id\u00e9es sur la reconstruction des \u00e9conomies rurales sur la base de villages autosuffisants sur des terres lou\u00e9es. De retour aux \u00c9tats-Unis en 1966, il a fond\u00e9 l&rsquo;Institut international de l&rsquo;ind\u00e9pendance afin de fournir une formation et une assistance technique aux personnes d\u00e9sireuses de promouvoir le d\u00e9veloppement rural aux \u00c9tats-Unis et dans d&rsquo;autres pays selon les principes d\u00e9centralisateurs qu&rsquo;il avait observ\u00e9s en Inde. La fiducie fonci\u00e8re communautaire est n\u00e9e, en partie, du r\u00eave de Borsodi de semer un mouvement Gramdan en Am\u00e9rique.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-palette-color-6-background-color has-background is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-3493ed78 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"border-radius:10px;margin-top:48px;padding-top:28px;padding-right:28px;padding-bottom:28px;padding-left:28px\">\n<h2 id=\"h-key-dates\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"margin-top:0\">Dates cl\u00e9s<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1869<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Naissance de Mohandas K. Gandhi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1895<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Naissance de Vinoba Bhave.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1916<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Vinoba lit un essai de Gandhi et d\u00e9cide d&rsquo;interrompre ses \u00e9tudes et de se rallier \u00e0 l&rsquo;appel lanc\u00e9 par Gandhi en faveur d&rsquo;un renouveau spirituel \u2013 et politique \u2013 de l&rsquo;Inde.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1923  <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Vinoba commence \u00e0 publier un bulletin d&rsquo;information mensuel, intitul\u00e9 \u00ab <em>Maharashtra Dharma<\/em> \u00bb. Celui-ci devient par la suite un hebdomadaire et para\u00eet pendant trois ans.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1930<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Gandhi m\u00e8ne une marche de 250 miles pour contester la taxe sur le sel impos\u00e9e par les Britanniques (la \u00ab Marche du sel de Dandi \u00bb).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1932<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bhave est emprisonn\u00e9 par le gouvernement colonial britannique en raison de son militantisme contre la domination britannique. L\u00e0, il donne une s\u00e9rie de conf\u00e9rences informelles sur la Bhagavad-Gita \u00e0 ses cod\u00e9tenus, qui seront par la suite publi\u00e9es dans un ouvrage largement traduit, intitul\u00e9 <em>*Talks on the Gita<\/em>*.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1940<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Vinoba Bhave est choisi par Gandhi pour \u00eatre le premier satyagrahi individuel.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1942<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Gandhi appelle les Britanniques \u00e0 \u00ab quitter l&rsquo;Inde \u00bb.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1947<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>La domination britannique prend fin en Inde. Le pays est imm\u00e9diatement divis\u00e9 entre l&rsquo;Inde et le Pakistan.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6af2614c3057c&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6af2614c3057c\" class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-medium is-resized wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"268\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/BAcker-Gramdan-Villages-300x268.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration : Villages de Backer-Gramdan\" class=\"wp-image-21041\" style=\"width:220px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/BAcker-Gramdan-Villages-300x268.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/BAcker-Gramdan-Villages-768x687.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/BAcker-Gramdan-Villages.jpg 1021w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Illustration de Bonnie Acker \u00a9 2014<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1948<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Le Mahatma Gandhi est assassin\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1951<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Le mouvement Bhoodan est lanc\u00e9 \u00e0 Pochampally, en Inde, par Vinoba Bhave le<sup>18<\/sup> avril, apr\u00e8s qu\u2019un riche propri\u00e9taire foncier a r\u00e9pondu \u00e0 l\u2019appel de Vinoba et fait don de 100 acres de terre \u00e0 un groupe de 80 familles d\u00e9munies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1952<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Le premier village de Gramdan voit le jour.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1953<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Vinoba Bhave figure en couverture du <em>magazine TIME<\/em> (11 mai).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1955<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Le mouvement Bhoodan est supplant\u00e9 par le mouvement Gramdan au cours de la marche de Vinoba \u00e0 travers l&rsquo;\u00c9tat d&rsquo;Orissa, dans le nord-est du pays. Vinoba et ses partisans commencent alors \u00e0 concentrer leurs efforts en mati\u00e8re de r\u00e9forme agraire sur le programme dit du \u00ab don du village \u00bb.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1958<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Vinoba est le premier laur\u00e9at du <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ramon_Magsaysay_Award\">prix international Ramon Magsaysay<\/a> dans la cat\u00e9gorie \u00ab Leadership communautaire \u00bb.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1960<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>En d\u00e9cembre, Bayard Rustin et George Willougby, directeur national du Comit\u00e9 pour l&rsquo;action non-violente, se rendent ensemble \u00e0 Calcutta pour rencontrer Vinoba Bhave. Ils passent plusieurs jours avec lui, marchant de village en village.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1961<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ralph Borsodi accepte un poste de professeur d&rsquo;\u00e9conomie dans une universit\u00e9 en Inde. Il d\u00e9couvre le mouvement Gramdan, qui atteint son apog\u00e9e pendant son s\u00e9jour en Inde, et en est profond\u00e9ment impressionn\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1966<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ralph Borsodi revient aux \u00c9tats-Unis apr\u00e8s avoir pass\u00e9 cinq ans en Inde. C&rsquo;est par l&rsquo;interm\u00e9diaire d&rsquo;un ami commun, Porter Sargent, qu&rsquo;il fait la connaissance de Bob Swann.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1967<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>L&rsquo;International Independence Institute est fond\u00e9 \u00e0 Exeter, dans le New Hampshire. Bob Swann est recrut\u00e9 comme l&rsquo;un des deux \u00ab secr\u00e9taires de terrain \u00bb et charg\u00e9 de trouver les moyens d&rsquo;adapter le mod\u00e8le indien \u00ab Gramdan \u00bb au contexte am\u00e9ricain.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1978<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bob et Marjorie Swann se rendent en Inde. Lors d&rsquo;une visite chez Vinoba, ils lui parlent du mouvement CLT naissant aux \u00c9tats-Unis, qui s&rsquo;inspire en partie des villages Gramdan en Inde.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1982<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>D\u00e9c\u00e8s de Vinoba Bhave.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-further-reading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lectures compl\u00e9mentaires<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6af2614c32251&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6af2614c32251\" class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-medium is-resized wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"201\" height=\"300\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Book-cover-201x300.jpg\" alt=\"Couverture du livre\" class=\"wp-image-20590\" style=\"width:169px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Book-cover-201x300.jpg 201w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Book-cover.jpg 232w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 201px) 100vw, 201px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Borsodi, Ralph, \u00ab\u00a0The Possessional Problem\u00a0\u00bb, in <em>Seventeen Problems of Man and Society<\/em>, Anand, India : Charotar Book Stall, 1968. Repr. dans <em>Green Revolution<\/em>, 1978 ; \u00e9d. et r\u00e9v. par Gordon Lameyer et Lydia Ratliff. R\u00e9imprim\u00e9 dans <em>The Community Land Trust Reader<\/em>, John Emmeus Davis, \u00e9d. (Cambridge, MA : Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 2010).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chester Bowles, <em>*Les nouvelles dimensions de la paix* ( <\/em>Greenwood Press, 1955).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tharaileth Koshy Oommen, <em>Charisma Stability And Change : An Analysis of Bhoodan-Gramdan Movement in India<\/em> (Thomson Press, 2001).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mohandas K. Gandhi, <em>*Trusteeship*<\/em> (Ahmedabad, Inde : Navajivan Trust, 1960).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>V. Raghunathan, <em>Esquisse biographique d\u2019Acharya Vinoba Bhave<\/em> (Raj Publications, 2006).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mark Shepard, \u00ab Le roi de la bienveillance : Vinoba Bhave et sa r\u00e9volution non violente \u00bb, dans <em>*Gandhi Today : un rapport sur les successeurs du Mahatma Gandhi*<\/em> (Seven Locks Press, 1987). R\u00e9imprim\u00e9 dans <em>*The Community Land Trust Reader*<\/em>(sous la direction de John Emmeus Davis), (Cambridge, MA : Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 2010).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bob Swann, \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/centerforneweconomics.org\/publications\/peace-civil-rights-and-the-search-for-community-an-autobiography\/\">The Community Land Trust-Borsodi and Vinoba Bhave<\/a>\u00ab\u00a0, chapitre 18 dans <a href=\"http:\/\/www.centerforneweconomics.org\/publications\/peace-civil-rights-and-search-community-autobiography\"><em>Peace, Civil Rights, and the Search for Community : An Autobiography<\/em><\/a>. Great Barrington, MA : Schumacher Society for a New Economics, 2001).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hallam Tennyson, <em>The Saint on the March <\/em>(Gollancz , 1955).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-external-links\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Liens externes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul id=\"block-120\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/a-brief-history-of-the-bhoodan-gramdan-movement-history-essay.php\">Br\u00e8ve histoire du mouvement Bhoodan Gramdan<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mrunal.org\/2013\/11\/land-reforms-bhodan-gramdan-jan-satyagraha-2012-other-non-governmental-movements-achievements-obstacles-limitations.html\">R\u00e9alisations, obstacles et limites de Bhoodan et Gramdan<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/dlc.dlib.indiana.edu\/dlc\/bitstream\/handle\/10535\/7285\/127.pdf?sequence=1\">Gouverner les biens communs : la voie Bhoodan<\/a> (2009)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Les probl\u00e8mes de Gramdan (1965)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bhoodan_movement\">Wikip\u00e9dia &#8211; Bhoodan<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gandhi\">Wikip\u00e9dia &#8211; Mahatma Gandhi<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vinoba_Bhave\">Wikip\u00e9dia &#8211; Vinoba Bhave<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"themify_builder_content-33\" data-postid=\"33\" class=\"themify_builder_content themify_builder_content-33 themify_builder\">\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-not-stacked-on-mobile is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-35719fbe wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:48px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-palette-color-13-color has-text-color has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/bibliotheque-de-ressources\/les-racines-du-mouvement-clt\/precurseurs-internationaux\/les-cites-jardins-en-angleterre\/\">\u2190 Les villes-jardins en Angleterre<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-palette-color-13-color has-text-color has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Suivant<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/bibliotheque-de-ressources\/les-racines-du-mouvement-clt\/precurseurs-internationaux\/les-cooperatives-agricoles-en-israel\/\">Coop\u00e9ratives agricoles en Isra\u00ebl \u2192<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-palette-color-5-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-palette-color-5-background-color has-background is-style-wide\" style=\"margin-top:24px;margin-bottom:40px\"\/>\n\n<h2 id=\"h-more-from-international-precursors\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Plus d&rsquo;informations sur International Precursors<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group gg-tiles is-layout-grid wp-container-core-group-is-layout-080b9d9d wp-block-group-is-layout-grid\"><style>.kt-info-box20763_t0{height:100%;}.wp-block-kadence-column.kb-section-dir-horizontal > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kt-info-box20763_t0{height:auto;align-self:stretch;}.kt-info-box20763_t0 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap{height:100%;}.wp-block-kadence-column.kb-section-dir-horizontal > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kt-info-box20763_t0 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap{max-width:unset;}.kt-info-box20763_t0 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;border-top-left-radius:10px;border-top-right-radius:10px;border-bottom-right-radius:10px;border-bottom-left-radius:10px;background:var(--theme-palette-color-8);padding-top:10px;padding-right:10px;padding-bottom:16px;padding-left:10px;}.kt-info-box20763_t0 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap:hover{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;background:var(--theme-palette-color-8);}.kt-info-box20763_t0.wp-block-kadence-infobox{max-width:100%;}.kt-info-box20763_t0 .kadence-info-box-image-inner-intrisic-container .kadence-info-box-image-intrisic{padding-bottom:118.1102%;width:254px;height:0px;max-width:100%;}.kt-info-box20763_t0 .kadence-info-box-icon-container .kt-info-svg-icon, .kt-info-box20763_t0 .kt-info-svg-icon-flip, .kt-info-box20763_t0 .kt-blocks-info-box-number{font-size:50px;}.kt-info-box20763_t0 .kt-blocks-info-box-media{border-radius:6px;overflow:hidden;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.kt-info-box20763_t0 .kt-blocks-info-box-media-container{margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:12px;margin-left:0px;}.kt-info-box20763_t0 .kt-infobox-textcontent h3.kt-blocks-info-box-title{color:var(--theme-palette-color-4);font-size:18px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:2px;margin-left:0px;}.kt-info-box20763_t0 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap:hover h3.kt-blocks-info-box-title{color:var(--theme-palette-color-4);}.kt-info-box20763_t0 .kt-infobox-textcontent .kt-blocks-info-box-text{color:var(--theme-palette-color-13);}.wp-block-kadence-infobox.kt-info-box20763_t0 .kt-blocks-info-box-text{font-size:14px;line-height:1.5;}.kt-info-box20763_t0 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap:hover .kt-blocks-info-box-text{color:var(--theme-palette-color-13);}.kt-info-box20763_t0 .kt-blocks-info-box-learnmore{background:transparent;border-width:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-top:4px;padding-right:8px;padding-bottom:4px;padding-left:8px;margin-top:10px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:10px;margin-left:0px;}.kt-info-box20763_t0 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap{box-shadow:0px 2px 8px 0px rgba(15, 23, 42, 0.14);}.kt-info-box20763_t0 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap:hover{box-shadow:0px 12px 24px 0px rgba(15, 23, 42, 0.3);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-info-box20763_t0 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;box-shadow:0px 2px 8px 0px rgba(15, 23, 42, 0.14);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-info-box20763_t0 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap:hover{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid 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class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-media-container\"><div class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-media kt-info-media-animate-none\"><div class=\"kadence-info-box-image-inner-intrisic-container\"><div class=\"kadence-info-box-image-intrisic kt-info-animate-none\"><div class=\"kadence-info-box-image-inner-intrisic\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/BAcker-Ancient-Grains-254x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"254\" height=\"300\" class=\"kt-info-box-image wp-image-21032\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/BAcker-Ancient-Grains-254x300.jpg 254w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/BAcker-Ancient-Grains-868x1024.jpg 868w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/BAcker-Ancient-Grains-768x906.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/BAcker-Ancient-Grains-1302x1536.jpg 1302w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/BAcker-Ancient-Grains.jpg 1420w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 254px) 100vw, 254px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kt-infobox-textcontent\"><h3 class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-title\">C\u00e9r\u00e9ales anciennes<\/h3><\/div><\/a><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kt-info-box20763_t1{height:100%;}.wp-block-kadence-column.kb-section-dir-horizontal > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kt-info-box20763_t1{height:auto;align-self:stretch;}.kt-info-box20763_t1 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap{height:100%;}.wp-block-kadence-column.kb-section-dir-horizontal > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kt-info-box20763_t1 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap{max-width:unset;}.kt-info-box20763_t1 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid 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England\"><div class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-media-container\"><div class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-media kt-info-media-animate-none\"><div class=\"kadence-info-box-image-inner-intrisic-container\"><div class=\"kadence-info-box-image-intrisic kt-info-animate-none\"><div class=\"kadence-info-box-image-inner-intrisic\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/PRECUSORS-Garden-Cities-294x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"294\" height=\"300\" class=\"kt-info-box-image wp-image-21037\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/PRECUSORS-Garden-Cities-294x300.jpg 294w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/PRECUSORS-Garden-Cities-1002x1024.jpg 1002w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/PRECUSORS-Garden-Cities-768x785.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/PRECUSORS-Garden-Cities-1504x1536.jpg 1504w, 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Cooperatives in Israel\"><div class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-media-container\"><div class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-media kt-info-media-animate-none\"><div class=\"kadence-info-box-image-inner-intrisic-container\"><div class=\"kadence-info-box-image-intrisic kt-info-animate-none\"><div class=\"kadence-info-box-image-inner-intrisic\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/PRECUSORS-Coops-in-Israel-240x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"300\" class=\"kt-info-box-image wp-image-21043\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/PRECUSORS-Coops-in-Israel-240x300.jpg 240w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/PRECUSORS-Coops-in-Israel-818x1024.jpg 818w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/PRECUSORS-Coops-in-Israel-768x962.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/PRECUSORS-Coops-in-Israel.jpg 844w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kt-infobox-textcontent\"><h3 class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-title\">Les coop\u00e9ratives agricoles en Isra\u00ebl<\/h3><\/div><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:32px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--1\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/fr\/bibliotheque-de-ressources\/les-racines-du-mouvement-clt\/\">Retour aux origines du mouvement CLT<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Le Guide du jardinier \u00b7 Partie 1 \u00b7 Chapitre 3 sur 4 Les villages Gramdan en Inde Apr\u00e8s la mort de Gandhi, Vinoba Bhave a men\u00e9 un mouvement pour donner [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":21366,"parent":20894,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"give_campaign_id":0,"_tec_requires_first_save":true,"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"_tribe_blocks_recurrence_rules":"","_tribe_blocks_recurrence_description":"","_tribe_blocks_recurrence_exclusions":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-21364","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- 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