{"id":21321,"date":"2026-11-06T13:58:44","date_gmt":"2026-11-06T13:58:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/biblioteca-de-recursos\/raizes-do-movimento-clt\/precursores-internacionais\/cooperativas-agricolas-em-israel\/"},"modified":"2026-11-08T15:24:44","modified_gmt":"2026-11-08T15:24:44","slug":"cooperativas-agricolas-em-israel","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/pt-br\/biblioteca-de-recursos\/raizes-do-movimento-clt\/precursores-internacionais\/cooperativas-agricolas-em-israel\/","title":{"rendered":"Cooperativas agr\u00edcolas em Israel"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group clt-ph is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"clt-ph-label wp-block-paragraph\">O Guia do Jardineiro \u00b7 Parte 1 \u00b7 Cap\u00edtulo 4 de 4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading clt-ph-title\">Cooperativas agr\u00edcolas em Israel<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"clt-ph-desc wp-block-paragraph\">Em 1968, oito americanos viajaram a Israel para estudar cooperativas em terras arrendadas, na esperan\u00e7a de ajudar agricultores negros que estavam sendo expulsos da terra no Sul rural.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"clt-ph-facts wp-block-paragraph\">Por John Emmeus Davis \u00b7 Ilustra\u00e7\u00f5es de Bonnie Acker \u00b7 2014<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6af2629569e59&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6af2629569e59\" class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-medium is-resized wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"240\" height=\"300\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/PRECUSORS-Coops-in-Israel-240x300.jpg\" alt=\"Ilustra&#xE7;&#xE3;o: Cooperativas agr&#xED;colas em Israel\" class=\"wp-image-21043\" style=\"width:239px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/PRECUSORS-Coops-in-Israel-240x300.jpg 240w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/PRECUSORS-Coops-in-Israel-818x1024.jpg 818w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/PRECUSORS-Coops-in-Israel-768x962.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/PRECUSORS-Coops-in-Israel.jpg 844w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Ilustra\u00e7\u00e3o de Bonnie Acker \u00a9 2014<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Em junho de 1968, oito pessoas dos Estados Unidos viajaram para Israel com o objetivo de estudar cooperativas agr\u00edcolas em terras arrendadas. A esperan\u00e7a deles era que algo semelhante pudesse ser aplicado na zona rural do Sul para melhorar a condi\u00e7\u00e3o dos meeiros, arrendat\u00e1rios e agricultores afro-americanos empobrecidos que estavam sendo for\u00e7ados a deixar a terra, uma consequ\u00eancia econ\u00f4mica da mecaniza\u00e7\u00e3o da agricultura ou uma consequ\u00eancia pol\u00edtica de sua participa\u00e7\u00e3o na luta pelos direitos civis no Sul.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A delega\u00e7\u00e3o dos EUA inclu\u00eda:<\/p>\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6af262956b113&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6af262956b113\" class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-medium is-resized wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"224\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Israel-1968-Slater-King-Bob-Swann-Marion-King-Fay-Bennett-300x224.jpg\" alt=\"Israel 1968 &#x2014; Slater King, Bob Swann, Marion King, Fay Bennett\" class=\"wp-image-20591\" style=\"width:300px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Israel-1968-Slater-King-Bob-Swann-Marion-King-Fay-Bennett-300x224.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Israel-1968-Slater-King-Bob-Swann-Marion-King-Fay-Bennett-768x574.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Israel-1968-Slater-King-Bob-Swann-Marion-King-Fay-Bennett.jpg 935w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Slater King, um empres\u00e1rio local e l\u00edder dos direitos civis de Albany, Ge\u00f3rgia;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Marion King, esposa de Slater, que foi uma das primeiras afro-americanas a se registrar para votar quando o movimento pelos direitos civis de Albany ganhou for\u00e7a no in\u00edcio da d\u00e9cada de 1960;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bob Swann, diretor de campo nos EUA do International Independence Institute em Massachusetts;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fay Bennett, diretora executiva do National Sharecroppers Fund, uma organiza\u00e7\u00e3o de defesa sem fins lucrativos criada em 1937 para divulgar a situa\u00e7\u00e3o dos meeiros e agricultores arrendat\u00e1rios e pressionar por uma legisla\u00e7\u00e3o de prote\u00e7\u00e3o, servi\u00e7os sociais e oportunidades econ\u00f4micas para esses trabalhadores agr\u00edcolas;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Leonard Smith, colega de Fay Bennett no National Sharecroppers Fund;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lewis Black, membro da diretoria da Associa\u00e7\u00e3o da Cooperativa de Agricultores do Sudoeste do Alabama;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Albert Turner, diretor de campo da Confer\u00eancia de Lideran\u00e7a da Confer\u00eancia do Sul no Alabama; e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Charles Sherrod, fundador e ex-organizador do Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, que havia retornado recentemente ao estado da Ge\u00f3rgia ap\u00f3s obter o t\u00edtulo de Doutor em Divindade pelo Union Theological Seminary.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6af262956c32f&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6af262956c32f\" class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-medium is-resized wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"232\" height=\"300\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Jewish-National-Fund-logo-232x300.jpg\" alt=\"Logotipo do Fundo Nacional Judaico\" class=\"wp-image-20592\" style=\"width:232px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Jewish-National-Fund-logo-232x300.jpg 232w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Jewish-National-Fund-logo-792x1024.jpg 792w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Jewish-National-Fund-logo-768x993.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Jewish-National-Fund-logo.jpg 928w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 232px) 100vw, 232px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6af262956cfb1&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6af262956cfb1\" class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-medium is-resized wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Desert-agriculture-in-Israel-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Agricultura no deserto em Israel\" class=\"wp-image-20593\" style=\"width:300px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Desert-agriculture-in-Israel-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Desert-agriculture-in-Israel-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Desert-agriculture-in-Israel.jpg 900w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O que levou esses oito ativistas a Israel foi a oportunidade de conhecer melhor os <em>kibutzim<\/em> e <em>moshavim<\/em> do pa\u00eds, comunidades agr\u00edcolas planejadas que administravam empreendimentos cooperativos em terras arrendadas do Fundo Nacional Judaico (JNF). Fundado em 1901 por sionistas influenciados pelos escritos de Henry George, o JNF comprou terras na Palestina otomana (mais tarde Israel) e, posteriormente, disponibilizou-as para coloniza\u00e7\u00e3o e desenvolvimento judaicos por meio de arrendamentos de 99 anos. Sua pol\u00edtica, desde o in\u00edcio, era atuar \u201ccomo administrador das terras do povo judeu\u201d, nas palavras do estatuto do JNF, o que significava quase nunca vender nenhuma de suas propriedades. Esse princ\u00edpio foi posteriormente consagrado na Lei B\u00e1sica do novo pa\u00eds, estipulando que \u201c<em>\u201cA propriedade das terras de Israel&#8230; n\u00e3o poder\u00e1 ser transferida, seja por venda ou de qualquer outra forma.\u201d <\/em>O arrendamento <em>de longo prazo <\/em>era permitido; a venda, n\u00e3o.<em> <\/em><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A oportunidade de estudar esse sofisticado sistema de arrendamento de terras em larga escala foi um dos motivos da viagem dos americanos a Israel em 1968. Por mais que eles tenham se inspirado nos vilarejos Gramdan da \u00cdndia, a ponto de falarem em desencadear um &#8220;Movimento Gramdan na Am\u00e9rica&#8221;, os costumes, as leis e a economia que envolvem o arrendamento de terras em Israel pareciam mais adequados aos Estados Unidos.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A segunda atra\u00e7\u00e3o foram as d\u00e9cadas de sucesso de Israel no desenvolvimento rural por meio de comunidades experimentais e cooperativas agr\u00edcolas. O modelo que os americanos acharam mais atraente, durante a estadia de um m\u00eas em Israel, foi o <em>moshav<\/em>. Eles achavam que a abordagem mais coletivista em rela\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 propriedade, aos lucros e \u00e0 cria\u00e7\u00e3o dos filhos, que caracterizava o <em>kibutz<\/em>, seria inaceit\u00e1vel para os afro-americanos na zona rural da Ge\u00f3rgia. Num <em>moshav<\/em>, por outro lado, a compra, a venda e a maior parte da produ\u00e7\u00e3o eram feitas de forma cooperativa, mas cada fam\u00edlia tinha seu pr\u00f3prio arrendamento e era dona da pr\u00f3pria casa.<\/p>\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6af262956dd88&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6af262956dd88\" class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-full is-resized wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"449\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Nahalal-1939-1945.jpg\" alt=\"Nahalal 1939-1945\" class=\"wp-image-21045\" style=\"width:311px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Nahalal-1939-1945.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Nahalal-1939-1945-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6af262956e886&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6af262956e886\" class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-medium is-resized wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"296\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Nahalal-today-300x296.jpg\" alt=\"Nahalal hoje\" class=\"wp-image-20594\" style=\"width:300px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Nahalal-today-300x296.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Nahalal-today-1024x1012.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Nahalal-today-768x759.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Nahalal-today.jpg 1107w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O primeiro <em>moshav<\/em>, Nahalal, foi fundado no norte de Israel em 1921. O plano de uso do solo de Nahalal, elaborado pelo arquiteto Richard Kauffmann, serviu de modelo para muitos dos <em>moshavim<\/em> fundados antes de 1948. Ele se baseia em c\u00edrculos conc\u00eantricos, com os pr\u00e9dios p\u00fablicos (escola, escrit\u00f3rios administrativos e culturais, lojas e armaz\u00e9ns cooperativos) no centro, as casas no c\u00edrculo mais interno, os pr\u00e9dios agr\u00edcolas no c\u00edrculo seguinte e, al\u00e9m deles, c\u00edrculos cada vez mais amplos de jardins e campos. Em 1986, havia cerca de 156.700 israelenses morando em 448 <em>moshavim<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Quando a delega\u00e7\u00e3o americana voltou para os Estados Unidos, era o <em>moshav<\/em>  modelo que recomendaram aos amigos e colegas para que fosse adotado. A combina\u00e7\u00e3o entre a propriedade comunit\u00e1ria da terra, a propriedade individual das casas e a organiza\u00e7\u00e3o cooperativa de empreendimentos geradores de renda parecia, para eles, a combina\u00e7\u00e3o perfeita para o desenvolvimento comunit\u00e1rio que esperavam realizar e para a popula\u00e7\u00e3o carente que esperavam ajudar. Um ano depois, ap\u00f3s um processo de planejamento participativo liderado pelos homens e mulheres que tinham viajado para Israel, foi registrado o contrato social da New Communities Inc., \u201cuma corpora\u00e7\u00e3o sem fins lucrativos destinada a manter terras em fideicomisso perp\u00e9tuo para o uso permanente de comunidades rurais\u201d.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-palette-color-6-background-color has-background is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-3493ed78 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"border-radius:10px;margin-top:48px;padding-top:28px;padding-right:28px;padding-bottom:28px;padding-left:28px\">\n<h2 id=\"h-further-reading\" class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"margin-top:0\">Leitura complementar<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"168\" height=\"180\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Commerorative-moshav-stamp.jpg\" alt=\"Selo comemorativo do moshav\" class=\"wp-image-20595\" style=\"width:168px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Elaine Baldwin, <em>Diferencia\u00e7\u00e3o e Coopera\u00e7\u00e3o em um Moshav de Veteranos Israelenses ( <\/em>Manchester University Press, 1972).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Instituto Internacional de Independ\u00eancia, \u201cUma Experi\u00eancia: Organizing New Communities, Inc.\u201d, Cap\u00edtulo Tr\u00eas em <em>O Fundo Comunit\u00e1rio de Terras: Um Guia para um Novo Modelo de Posse da Terra nos Estados Unidos ( <\/em>Cambridge, MA: Centro de Desenvolvimento Econ\u00f4mico Comunit\u00e1rio, 1972).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bob Swann,<a href=\"https:\/\/centerforneweconomics.org\/publications\/peace-civil-rights-and-the-search-for-community-an-autobiography\/\">\u201cNovas Comunidades \u2014 5.000 acres e um milh\u00e3o de d\u00f3lares<\/a>\u201d, Cap\u00edtulo 20 em <a href=\"http:\/\/www.centerforneweconomics.org\/publications\/peace-civil-rights-and-search-community-autobiography\"><em>Paz, Direitos Civis e a Busca pela Comunidade: Uma Autobiografia<\/em><\/a> (Great Barrington, MA: Schumacher Society for a New Economics, 2001).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>S. Ilan Troen, <em>\u201cImaginando Si\u00e3o: Sonhos, Projetos e Realidades em um S\u00e9culo de Assentamento Judaico<\/em> \u201d (Yale University Press, 2003).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Harry Viteles, <em>Hist\u00f3ria do Movimento Cooperativo em Israel<\/em> (Vallentine Mitchell &amp; Company Ltd, 1968).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>D. Weintraub, M. Lissak, Y. Azmon, S. N. Eisenstadt, <em>Moshava, Kibbutz e Moshav: Padr\u00f5es de Assentamento Rural e Desenvolvimento Judaicos na Palestina<\/em> (Cornell University Press, 1969).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-external-links\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Links externos<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul id=\"block-59\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.jnf.org\">Fundo Nacional Judaico<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moshav\">P\u00e1gina da Wikip\u00e9dia sobre Moshav<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nahalal\">P\u00e1gina da Wikip\u00e9dia sobre Nahalal<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"themify_builder_content-35\" data-postid=\"35\" class=\"themify_builder_content themify_builder_content-35 themify_builder\">\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-not-stacked-on-mobile is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-35719fbe wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:48px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-palette-color-13-color has-text-color has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Anterior<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/pt-br\/biblioteca-de-recursos\/raizes-do-movimento-clt\/precursores-internacionais\/as-aldeias-gramdan-na-india\/\">\u2190 Aldeias Gramdan na \u00cdndia<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-palette-color-13-color has-text-color has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Pr\u00f3ximo<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/pt-br\/biblioteca-de-recursos\/raizes-do-movimento-clt\/pioneiros-domesticos\/\">Pioneiros nacionais \u2192<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-palette-color-5-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-palette-color-5-background-color has-background is-style-wide\" style=\"margin-top:24px;margin-bottom:40px\"\/>\n\n<h2 id=\"h-more-from-international-precursors\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mais sobre a International Precursors<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group gg-tiles is-layout-grid wp-container-core-group-is-layout-080b9d9d wp-block-group-is-layout-grid\"><style>.kt-info-box20764_t0{height:100%;}.wp-block-kadence-column.kb-section-dir-horizontal > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kt-info-box20764_t0{height:auto;align-self:stretch;}.kt-info-box20764_t0 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap{height:100%;}.wp-block-kadence-column.kb-section-dir-horizontal > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kt-info-box20764_t0 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap{max-width:unset;}.kt-info-box20764_t0 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;border-top-left-radius:10px;border-top-right-radius:10px;border-bottom-right-radius:10px;border-bottom-left-radius:10px;background:var(--theme-palette-color-8);padding-top:10px;padding-right:10px;padding-bottom:16px;padding-left:10px;}.kt-info-box20764_t0 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap:hover{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;background:var(--theme-palette-color-8);}.kt-info-box20764_t0.wp-block-kadence-infobox{max-width:100%;}.kt-info-box20764_t0 .kadence-info-box-image-inner-intrisic-container .kadence-info-box-image-intrisic{padding-bottom:118.1102%;width:254px;height:0px;max-width:100%;}.kt-info-box20764_t0 .kadence-info-box-icon-container .kt-info-svg-icon, .kt-info-box20764_t0 .kt-info-svg-icon-flip, .kt-info-box20764_t0 .kt-blocks-info-box-number{font-size:50px;}.kt-info-box20764_t0 .kt-blocks-info-box-media{border-radius:6px;overflow:hidden;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.kt-info-box20764_t0 .kt-blocks-info-box-media-container{margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:12px;margin-left:0px;}.kt-info-box20764_t0 .kt-infobox-textcontent h3.kt-blocks-info-box-title{color:var(--theme-palette-color-4);font-size:18px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:2px;margin-left:0px;}.kt-info-box20764_t0 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap:hover h3.kt-blocks-info-box-title{color:var(--theme-palette-color-4);}.kt-info-box20764_t0 .kt-infobox-textcontent .kt-blocks-info-box-text{color:var(--theme-palette-color-13);}.wp-block-kadence-infobox.kt-info-box20764_t0 .kt-blocks-info-box-text{font-size:14px;line-height:1.5;}.kt-info-box20764_t0 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap:hover .kt-blocks-info-box-text{color:var(--theme-palette-color-13);}.kt-info-box20764_t0 .kt-blocks-info-box-learnmore{background:transparent;border-width:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-top:4px;padding-right:8px;padding-bottom:4px;padding-left:8px;margin-top:10px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:10px;margin-left:0px;}.kt-info-box20764_t0 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap{box-shadow:0px 2px 8px 0px rgba(15, 23, 42, 0.14);}.kt-info-box20764_t0 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap:hover{box-shadow:0px 12px 24px 0px rgba(15, 23, 42, 0.3);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-info-box20764_t0 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;box-shadow:0px 2px 8px 0px rgba(15, 23, 42, 0.14);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-info-box20764_t0 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap:hover{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;box-shadow:0px 12px 24px 0px rgba(15, 23, 42, 0.3);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kt-info-box20764_t0 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;box-shadow:0px 2px 8px 0px rgba(15, 23, 42, 0.14);}.kt-info-box20764_t0 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap:hover{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;box-shadow:0px 12px 24px 0px rgba(15, 23, 42, 0.3);}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-infobox kt-info-box20764_t0\"><a class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap info-box-link kt-blocks-info-box-media-align-top kt-info-halign-left\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/pt-br\/biblioteca-de-recursos\/raizes-do-movimento-clt\/precursores-internacionais\/graos-antigos\/\" aria-label=\"Ancient Grains\"><div class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-media-container\"><div class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-media kt-info-media-animate-none\"><div class=\"kadence-info-box-image-inner-intrisic-container\"><div class=\"kadence-info-box-image-intrisic kt-info-animate-none\"><div class=\"kadence-info-box-image-inner-intrisic\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/BAcker-Ancient-Grains-254x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"254\" height=\"300\" class=\"kt-info-box-image wp-image-21032\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/BAcker-Ancient-Grains-254x300.jpg 254w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/BAcker-Ancient-Grains-868x1024.jpg 868w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/BAcker-Ancient-Grains-768x906.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/BAcker-Ancient-Grains-1302x1536.jpg 1302w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/BAcker-Ancient-Grains.jpg 1420w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 254px) 100vw, 254px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kt-infobox-textcontent\"><h3 class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-title\">Gr\u00e3os Antigos<\/h3><\/div><\/a><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kt-info-box20764_t1{height:100%;}.wp-block-kadence-column.kb-section-dir-horizontal > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kt-info-box20764_t1{height:auto;align-self:stretch;}.kt-info-box20764_t1 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap{height:100%;}.wp-block-kadence-column.kb-section-dir-horizontal > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kt-info-box20764_t1 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap{max-width:unset;}.kt-info-box20764_t1 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;border-top-left-radius:10px;border-top-right-radius:10px;border-bottom-right-radius:10px;border-bottom-left-radius:10px;background:var(--theme-palette-color-8);padding-top:10px;padding-right:10px;padding-bottom:16px;padding-left:10px;}.kt-info-box20764_t1 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap:hover{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;background:var(--theme-palette-color-8);}.kt-info-box20764_t1.wp-block-kadence-infobox{max-width:100%;}.kt-info-box20764_t1 .kadence-info-box-image-inner-intrisic-container .kadence-info-box-image-intrisic{padding-bottom:102.0408%;width:294px;height:0px;max-width:100%;}.kt-info-box20764_t1 .kadence-info-box-icon-container .kt-info-svg-icon, .kt-info-box20764_t1 .kt-info-svg-icon-flip, .kt-info-box20764_t1 .kt-blocks-info-box-number{font-size:50px;}.kt-info-box20764_t1 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.kt-blocks-info-box-text{color:var(--theme-palette-color-13);}.kt-info-box20764_t1 .kt-blocks-info-box-learnmore{background:transparent;border-width:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding-top:4px;padding-right:8px;padding-bottom:4px;padding-left:8px;margin-top:10px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:10px;margin-left:0px;}.kt-info-box20764_t1 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap{box-shadow:0px 2px 8px 0px rgba(15, 23, 42, 0.14);}.kt-info-box20764_t1 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap:hover{box-shadow:0px 12px 24px 0px rgba(15, 23, 42, 0.3);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-info-box20764_t1 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;box-shadow:0px 2px 8px 0px rgba(15, 23, 42, 0.14);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-info-box20764_t1 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap:hover{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid 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class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-media-container\"><div class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-media kt-info-media-animate-none\"><div class=\"kadence-info-box-image-inner-intrisic-container\"><div class=\"kadence-info-box-image-intrisic kt-info-animate-none\"><div class=\"kadence-info-box-image-inner-intrisic\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/PRECUSORS-Garden-Cities-294x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"294\" height=\"300\" class=\"kt-info-box-image wp-image-21037\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/PRECUSORS-Garden-Cities-294x300.jpg 294w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/PRECUSORS-Garden-Cities-1002x1024.jpg 1002w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/PRECUSORS-Garden-Cities-768x785.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/PRECUSORS-Garden-Cities-1504x1536.jpg 1504w, https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/PRECUSORS-Garden-Cities.jpg 1627w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 294px) 100vw, 294px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kt-infobox-textcontent\"><h3 class=\"kt-blocks-info-box-title\">Cidades-jardim na Inglaterra<\/h3><\/div><\/a><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kt-info-box20764_t2{height:100%;}.wp-block-kadence-column.kb-section-dir-horizontal > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kt-info-box20764_t2{height:auto;align-self:stretch;}.kt-info-box20764_t2 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap{height:100%;}.wp-block-kadence-column.kb-section-dir-horizontal > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kt-info-box20764_t2 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap{max-width:unset;}.kt-info-box20764_t2 .kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid 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aldeias Gramdan na \u00cdndia<\/h3><\/div><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:32px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--1\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cltweb.org\/pt-br\/biblioteca-de-recursos\/raizes-do-movimento-clt\/\">De volta \u00e0s origens do movimento CLT<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>O Guia do Jardineiro \u00b7 Parte 1 \u00b7 Cap\u00edtulo 4 de 4 Cooperativas agr\u00edcolas em Israel Em 1968, oito americanos viajaram a Israel para estudar cooperativas em terras arrendadas, na [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":21323,"parent":20907,"menu_order":4,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"give_campaign_id":0,"_tec_requires_first_save":true,"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"_tribe_blocks_recurrence_rules":"","_tribe_blocks_recurrence_description":"","_tribe_blocks_recurrence_exclusions":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-21321","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- 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