Category International Precursors

Gramdan Villages in India

After Gandhi was assassinated in 1948, political leadership of his movement fell to Nehru.  Spiritual leadership fell to Vinoba Bhava.  Gandhi’s “constructive program” for post-colonial India had envisioned a decentralized society, built on the basis of autonomous, self-reliant villages.  Gandhi…

Garden Cities in England

In 1898, a self-educated Englishman named Ebenezer Howard, who had been influenced by the writings of Edward Bellamy and Henry George, published Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.  Revised and re-issued in 1902 under a new title, Garden Cities of To-Morrow,…

Ancient Grains

Outside the United States, the notion of treating land differently than what is built on it – a principle at the heart of the modern-day community land trust – has a long and noble pedigree.  Land has been viewed by…